The Cathars: Dualist Heretics in Languedoc in the High Middle Ages

299 Pages·2000·14.76 MB·English

by  Malcolm Barber

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THE MEDIEVAL WORLD
Editor: David Bates
John Moorlltad Ambrose
John Moorhead Justinian
JaILel Nelson Charles the Bald
Paul Fouracre The Age of Charles Martel
Richard Abels Alfred the Great
M. K Lawson Cnut
H. R. Lo)/Tt The English Church, 940- 1 154
Malcolm &rber The Cathars
Janw A. Bnmdage Medieval Canon Law
John Hudson The Formation of the English
Common Law
lindy Grant Abbot Suger of St-Denis
David Crouch William Marshal
Ralph V TuT7ltT The Reign of Richard Lionheart
Ralph V Turner King John
Jim Bradbury Philip Augustus
Jane SaytrS Innocent m
c.
H. Lowrmu The Friars
David Abultifia The Western Mediterranean
Kingdoms 1200- 1500
Jean Dunbabin Charles I of Anjou
Jennifer C. Ward English Noblewomen in the
Later Middle Ages
Michael Hicks Bastard Feudalism
THE CATHARS
Dualist Heretics in Languedoc
in the High Middle Ages
MALCOLM BARBER
First published 2000 by Pearson Education Limited
Published 2014 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA
Routledge is an imprint oft he Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© Pearson Education Limited 2000
The right of Malcolm Barber to be identified as author of
this Work has been asserted by him in accordance with
the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any
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without either the prior written permission of the Publishers or a
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London WIT 4LP.
ISBN 978-0-582-25661-3 (Pbk)
British Library Cataloguing in Publication nata
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication nata
Barber, Malcolm.
The Cathars / Malcolm Barber.
p. em. - (The medieval world)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-582-25662-3 (hardcover: alk. paper) - ISBN 0-582-25661-5 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. Albigenses-France-Languedoc-History. 2. Languedoc (France)-Church
history. I. Title. II. Series.
BX4891.2.B37 2000
273'.6-dc21 00-022125
Typeset by 35 in 11/ 13pt Baskerville MT
To Paddy McNulty andJim Holt
This page intentionally left blank
CONTENTS
Tables, Maps and Illustrations
IX
Editor's Preface ....
XI
Author's Preface
Xlll
Abbreviations ....... .
XV
Introduction 1.
1. The Spread of Catharism 6
Dualism 6
The Bogomils 12
The origins of dualism in the West 21
2. The Cathars and Languedocian Society 34
The nobility 34
The territorial lords 43
The clergy 58
Urban society 63
Catharism and social structure 68
3. The Cathar Church 71
The Cathar hierarchy 71
The cansolamentum 76
Cathar theology . 81
Moral and ethical teaching 93
Popular Cathar belief ....... . 96
The attraction of Catharism 104
4. The Catholic Reaction 107
The justification for force 107
The campaigns against heresy in the twelfth and early thirteenth centuries III
The Albigensian Crusades 120
5. The Decline of Catharism 141
The Treaty of Paris, 1229 141
The inquisitors 144
Resistance 150
VII
CONTENTS
The Italian connection ........................................................................................... J 64
The operation of the Inquisition ............................................................................ J 69
6. The Last Cathars ............................................................................... 176
The Autier revival .................................................................................................. 176
Heresy in Carcassonne and Albi ........................................................................... 190
The end of Catharism in Languedoc .................................................................... J 96
7. Cathars after Catharism .................................................................... 203
Deodat Roche, Simone Weil, and OUo Rahn ...................................................... 203
Protestantism and Catharism ................................................................................. 212
The Cathars and Occitan identity ......................................................................... 216
Further Reading ................................................................................. 226
References .......................................................................................... 239
Tables ................................................................................................. 254
Maps ................................................................................................... 260
Index ................................................................................................... 267
VlIl
TABLES, MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS
TABLES
1. The Albigensian Crusades: chronology 254
2. The A1bigensian Crusades: Simon of Montfort's campaigns 256
3. The Autier Revival: chronology 258
MAPS
1. The Bogomils in the Byzantine Empire 260
2. The political structure of Languedoc before the
Albigensian Crusades 261
3. The geography of Catharism in Languedoc 262
4. Territories affected by the Albigensian Crusades 263
5. The Italian connection: the links between Languedoc and
Lombardy in the thirteenth century 264
6. The milieu of the Cathar Bonhommc, Bernard Acier
of Couffoulens, 1241-59 265
7. The world of the Autier revival, 1299 -1321 266
ILLUSTRATIONS
1. The fortified village of Minerve, south walls overlooking the
confluence of the rivers Cesse and Brian 42
2. Carcassonne from the south as restored by Viollet-le-Duc
between 1852 and 1879 47
3. Carcassonne, Chateau comtal 48
4. Basilica of Saint Sernin, Toulouse, east end 62
5. The four castles of Lastours from the south. Cabaret is the
most northerly 125
6. Cabaret from the south-east 126
IX