The Case of Ireland: Commerce, Empire and the European Order, 1750–1848 (Ideas in Context, Series Number 138) PDF
Preview The Case of Ireland: Commerce, Empire and the European Order, 1750–1848 (Ideas in Context, Series Number 138)
THE CASE OF IRELAND The late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries have long been seen as a foundational period for modern Irish political traditions suchasnationalism,republicanismandunionism.TheCaseofIreland offersafreshaccountofIreland’sneglectedroleinEuropeandebates about commerce and empire in what was a global era of war and revolution.Drawingonarangeofwritingsfrommerchants,agrarian improvers, philosophers, politicians and revolutionaries across Europe, this book shows how Ireland became a field of conflict and projection between rival visions of politics in commercial society, associatedwiththewarringempiresofBritainandFrance.Itoffersa new perspective on the crisis and transformation of the British Empire at theend ofthe eighteenth century, and restores Ireland to itsrightful place atthe centre of European intellectual history. studied history at Oxford and Cambridge, com- pleting his doctoral research in . After postdoctoral work in Oxford and Bielefeld he is now Assistant Professor of History at Columbia University. He is a frequent commentator on contempo- rary British and European politics for a range of outlets, and was co-editor ofRenewal: AJournal ofSocial Democracy from –. IDEAS IN CONTEXT Edited by DAVID ARMITAGE, RICHARD BOURKE and JENNIFER PITTS Thebooksinthisserieswilldiscusstheemergenceofintellectualtraditionsandof related new disciplines. The procedures, aims and vocabularies that were gener- atedwillbesetinthecontextofthealternativesavailablewithinthecontemporary frameworksofideasandinstitutions.Throughdetailedstudiesoftheevolutionof such traditions, and their modification by different audiences, it is hoped that a new picture willform of thedevelopment ofideas intheir concrete contexts. By thismeans,artificialdistinctionsbetweenthehistoryofphilosophy,ofthevarious sciences, of society and politics, and ofliterature maybe seen to dissolve. Afulllistoftitlesintheseriescanbefoundat:www.cambridge.org/IdeasContext THE CASE OF IRELAND – Commerce, Empire and the European Order, JAMES STAFFORD ColumbiaUniversity UniversityPrintingHouse,Cambridge,UnitedKingdom OneLibertyPlaza,thFloor,NewYork,,USA WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,,Australia –,rdFloor,Plot,SplendorForum,JasolaDistrictCentre,NewDelhi–,India PenangRoad,#-/,VisioncrestCommercial,Singapore CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/ :./ ©JamesStafford Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData :Stafford,James,-author. :ThecaseofIreland:commerce,empireandtheEuropeanorder,-/JamesStafford, ColumbiaUniversity,NewYork. :Cambridge,UnitedKingdom;NewYork,NY:CambridgeUniversityPress,.| :Ideasincontext|Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. :(print)|(ebook)| (hardback)|(paperback)|(epub) :LCSH:Ireland–Commerce–History–thcentury.|Ireland–Commerce–History–th century.|Ireland–Economicconditions–thcentury.|Ireland–Economicconditions–thcen- tury.|GreatBritain–Foreignrelations–thcentury.|GreatBritain–Foreignrelations–th century.|BISAC:POLITICALSCIENCE/History&Theory :.(print)|(ebook)|./ –dcundefined LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/ LCebookrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/ ----Hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracy ofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. For Clara v Contents Acknowledgements page ix Introduction AnAgeofCrisis TheBritishEmpireinEurope Conquest,LibertyandAristocracy VisionsofCommercialSociety TheCaseofIreland The Enlightenment Critique of Empire in Ireland, c. – ConquestandColonisation,– TheCaseofIrelandandtheWoollenControversy TheDeclaratoryAct()andthePenalLaws(–) ‘Improvement’andtheCatholicQuestion Montesquieu,Hume,SmithandTuckeronIrelandand ‘JealousyofTrade’ Smith,YoungandthePoliticalEconomyofAnglo-Irish Ascendancy RegeneratingEmpire Commerce without Empire? ‘Free Trade’ and ‘Legislative Independence’, – Molyneux’sCaseandthe‘FriendsofAmerica’ CommerceandtheBalanceofPower FreePortsandProtectingDuties From‘FoederalUnion’toCommercialPropositions Sugar,ManufacturesandtheRevisionofthePropositions TheIrishDebateontheRevisedPropositions JosiahTuckeronIrelandandtheSlaveTrade ARevolutioninRetrospect vii viii Contents Property, Revolution and Peace, – ‘ARankamongthePrimaryNationsoftheEarth’ War,EmpireandSlavery ArthurO’Connorandthe‘NaturalProgressofOpulence’ IrelandandFrenchEmpire RivalUniversalisms Enlightenment against Revolution: Commerce, Aristocracy and the Case for Union, – AnEmpireDivided Faction,ReligionandAristocracy PovertyandDisaffection JohnFosterandThomasBrookeClarkeonCommerceand‘Feudalism’ WilliamDrennanandtheRadicalCritiqueofUnion FriedrichGentzonUnionandtheBalanceofPower The‘SystemofBurkism’? The Granary of Great Britain: War, Population and Agriculture – CurrencyandCapital GrainandEmancipation IrelandandtheContinentalSystem DependencyandEmpire RobertMalthus,EdwardWakefieldandthePoliticsofthePotato TheMakingofanOrthodoxy Democracy, Nationality and the Social Question, – TheBritishEconomistsandthe‘CottageSystem’ PropertyandtheSocialQuestion GustavedeBeaumont,IrelandandtheFutureofDemocracy YoungIrelandandthePoliticalEconomyof‘Nationality’ JamesFintanLalorandJohnStuartMillonFamineandRevolution TheLegaciesofRevolution Conclusion: Ireland between Empires Bibliography Index Acknowledgements This book is based on a doctoral thesis written at the University of Cambridge, supported by a Doctoral Award from the UK Arts and Humanities Research Council. I am additionally grateful to Emmanuel College, University of Cambridge; the Kurt Hahn Trust; and the Cambridge University History Faculty Doctoral Language Fund for their support, which allowed me to take language learning courses in Besançon andMunich. TheBritishAssociation ofIrish Studies,theHistoryFaculty attheUniversityofCambridge,andEmmanuelCollegeofferedgrantsthat enabled me to conduct archival research in Belfast and Dublin. Iconductedadditionalresearchandrevisedthemanuscriptforpublication as a postdoctoral fellow at the German Federal Research Council (DFG)– fundedResearchTrainingGroupGRK/‘WorldPolitics’,hostedat Bielefeld University. I would like to extend my thanks to staff at the Cambridge University Library, the Marshall Economics Library, the British Library, the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, the National Library of Ireland, the Royal Irish Academy, the Public Records Office of Northern Ireland and the Manuscripts Room at the National Library of Ireland for their assistance. John Robertson first suggested the Free Trade crisis and Pitt’s CommercialPropositionstomeasapossiblesubjectfordoctoralresearch. He has been a consistently inspiring and reassuring presence throughout the long years this book has taken to complete. Different aspects of the book have also benefitted from conversations over many years with István Hont (who supervised this research from until his death in ), Richard Bourke, Joanna Innes, Richard Whatmore, Ian McBride, Tom Pye, Lucian Robinson, Matthew Ward, Anna Plassart, Clara Maier, Peter HessionandMichaelSonenscher.Iamalsogratefultothetwoanonymous readerswhoproducedreportsonthemanuscriptforCambridgeUniversity Press, and to Liz Friend-Smith and Melissa Ward for their patience and support throughout its production, editing and revision. ix
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