THE CASE OF AMBO TOWN, OROMIA REGION By Chala Deyessa Fita Advisor Alok Tiwa

106 Pages·2017·1.13 MB·English

AN ASSESSMENT OF URBAN WATER SUPPLY AND
SANITATION: THE CASE OF AMBO TOWN, OROMIA
REGION
By
Chala Deyessa Fita
Advisor
Alok Tiwari (Ph. D.)
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT
SCHOOL OF BUSINESS AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS, ECONOMIC AND INFORMATICS
SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES
ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
March, 2011
A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES
OFADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ART IN PPUUBBLLIICC
MMAANNAAGGEEMMEENNTT AANNDD PPOOLLIICCYY

SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES

DDEEPPAARRTTMMEENNTT OOFF PPUUBBLLIICC AADDMMIINNIISSTTRRAATTIIOONN AANNDD
MMAANNAAGGEEMMEENNTT

CChhaallaa DDeeyyeessssaa FFiittaa

AAddddiiss AAbbaabbaa,, EEtthhiiooppiiaa

MMaarrcchh,, 22001111
AN ASSESSMENT OF URBAN WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION:
THE CASE OF AMBO TOWN, OROMIA REGION

By
Chala Deyessa Fita

Approved by board of examiners signature
____________________________ _________________
Chairman, graduate committee
____________________________ _________________
Advisor
____________________________ _________________
Examiner
____________________________ __________________

March, 2011
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Above all I would like to thank GOD for giving me strength and patience until I completing this
research.
Next to GOD, I would like to give my deepest gratitude to my academic adviser Dr Alok Tiwari
for his advice, encouragement, collaboration and constructive comments from the beginning to
the completing of this paper.
My especial thanks go to my families my father Deyessa Fita and my mother Didabe Daba, for
their ever support and encouragement in all my life. I would also like to express my special
thanks to Harari Gebissa and Keebeeki Caalaa for their ever day encouragements and support to
complete my thesis.
I would also like to thanks all my friends for their moral supports and encouragement for the
success of this paper specially Alem Demise, Gelana Daba, Bekere Gemechu, Demeksa Miressa,
Shume Gemechisa and Jaleta Gezehegn. My special thanks go to my friend Leta Tafa for his
moral and financial supports for my academic achievement. I would also like to say my warm
thanks to the staff of Ambo Town municipality, TAWSSSE and Health offices for their effort
and cooperation in proving relevant data for this research.

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Table of Contents
Contents Page
Acknowledgement ................................................................................................................I
Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................II
List of Tables ........................................................................................................................V
List of Figure………………………………………………………………………………..VI
Acronyms ...............................................................................................................................VII
Abstract ..................................................................................................................................VIII

CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................1
2. Statement of the problem ..................................................................................................2
3. Objective ............................................................................................................................4
3.1. General objective ............................................................................................................4
3.2. Specific objectives .........................................................................................................4
4. Research questions ............................................................................................................4
5. Research aim ......................................................................................................................5
6. Methodology ......................................................................................................................5
6.1. Sources of data ...............................................................................................................5
6.2. Data collection techniques ..............................................................................................6
6.2.1. Structured and semi structured interviews ...................................................................6
6.2.2. Key informants.............................................................................................................6
6.2.3. Personal observation ....................................................................................................6
6.3. Sampling methods ..........................................................................................................7
6.4. Data analysis and presentation .......................................................................................8
7. Scope of the study ..............................................................................................................8
8. Significance of the study ....................................................................................................9
9. Limitation of the Study ......................................................................................................9
9. Organization of the paper ..................................................................................................10

CHAPTER TWO
2. Literature Review ..............................................................................................................12
2.1. Overview of water supply and sanitation........................................................................12
2.2. Urban water supply .........................................................................................................14
2.2.1. Sources of Water ..........................................................................................................15
2.2.2. Water accessibility .......................................................................................................16
2.2.3. Water accessibility indicators ......................................................................................17
2.2.3.1. Affordability ............................................................................................................18
2.2.3.2. Time and distance travel to fetch water ....................................................................18
2.3. Urban sanitation ...........................................................................................................18
2.3.1. Available technology options for sanitation ................................................................20
2.3.1.1. Onsite sanitation .......................................................................................................20
2.3.1.2. Offsite sanitation .......................................................................................................21
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2.4. Impacts of water and Sanitation inaccessibility ..............................................................22
2.4.1. Health impacts .............................................................................................................22
2.4.2. Socio-economic impacts ..............................................................................................23
2.4.3. Environmental degradation impacts ...........................................................................23
2.4.4. Poor educational performance .....................................................................................23
2.5. Benefits of access to clean dirking water and sanitation ................................................24
2.5.1. Convenience .................................................................................................................24
2.5.2. Time saved ...................................................................................................................24
2.5.3. Energy saved ................................................................................................................25
2.5.4. Prevention of Injuries ...................................................................................................25
2.6. Challenges in urban water supply and sanitation ............................................................25
2.6.1. Lack of capacity ...........................................................................................................25
2.6.1.1. Technological capacity .............................................................................................26
2.6.1.2. Institutional capacity .................................................................................................26
2.6.2. Inadequate Financing ...................................................................................................26
2.6.3. Population growth and urbanization ............................................................................27
2.6.4. Increasing global water scarcity ...................................................................................28
2.7. Water supply and sanitation policy in Ethiopia ..............................................................28
2.7.1. Water sector policy and goals ......................................................................................29
2.7.2. Institutional arrangements for water service delivery in Ethiopia ..............................30
2.7.2.1. Ministry of Water Resources ...................................................................................30
2.7.2.2. Regional Water Resource Development Bureau ......................................................30
2.7.2.3. Zonal Water Resources Development Offices ..........................................................32
2.7.2.4. Woreda Water Resources Development Offices ......................................................32
2.7.3. Sanitation policy and goals .........................................................................................32
2.7.4. Institutional arrangements for sanitation service delivery in Ethiopia. ......................33
2.7.4.1 Ministry of Health ......................................................................................................33
2.7.4.2. National Coordinating Forum ...................................................................................34
2.7.4.3. Regional Health Bureaus ..........................................................................................34
2.7.4.4. Woreda Health desks: ..............................................................................................35
2.7.4.5. Woreda/Zonal Sanitation and Hygiene Coordinating Forum ...................................35
2.7.4.6. Local Contractors ......................................................................................................36
2.7.4.7. Woreda Support Groups and Local Service Provider ...............................................36

CHAPTER THREE
3. Data analysis and presentation ..........................................................................................38
3.1. Back ground of the Study Area ......................................................................................38
3.2. Characteristics of sample households ............................................................................39
3.3. Water supply in Ambo town ..........................................................................................42
3.3.1. Water distribution .......................................................................................................43
3.3.2. Water coverage ...........................................................................................................44
3.3.4. Water sources of sample households ..........................................................................46
3.3.5. Water demand of the sample household ......................................................................49
3.3.6. Water accessibility .......................................................................................................51
3.3.7. Water tariff .................................................................................................................52
3.3.8. Water interruptions .....................................................................................................55
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3.3.9.Water quality .................................................................................................................59
3.4. Sanitation .......................................................................................................................61
3.4.1. Latrine facility .............................................................................................................61
3.4.2.Waste water and sewerage ............................................................................................66
3.5. Impacts of water and Sanitation inaccessibility ..............................................................67
3.5.1. Health impacts .............................................................................................................67
3.5.2. Socio-economic impacts .............................................................................................68
3.5.3. Environmental degradation ..........................................................................................69
3.6. Challenges in urban water supply and sanitation ............................................................70
3.6.1. Inadequate finance .....................................................................................................70
3.6.2. Inadequate manpower ..................................................................................................71
3.6.3. Population growth and urbanization ............................................................................71
3.6.4. Weak sect oral coordination.........................................................................................72
3.7. Community participation ................................................................................................73

CHAPTER FOUR
4. Conclusions and Recommendations of the finding ..........................................................76
4.1. Conclusions .....................................................................................................................76
4.2.Recommendations ............................................................................................................78
References ........................................................................................................................82

iv
List of Table

Tables Page

Table 3.1 Educational status of sample households’ heads ...................................................39
Table 3.2 Marital status of sample households heads ............................................................40
Table 3.3 Employment status of the sample households’ heads ...........................................40
Table 3.4 House ownership of the sample households ......................................................... 41
Table 3.5 Income categories of the sample households ........................................................41
Table 3.6 Types of customers by connection and progresses ................................................43
Table 3.7 OWRMB five years urban water coverage ...........................................................44
Table3.8 Daily water demand and supply projection of Ambo Town (2009-2018) in m3/d .45
Table 3.9 Household source of water ....................................................................................46
Table 3.10 Purpose of water for sample households .............................................................49
Table 3.11 Average water consumption levels of the sample households ...........................52
Table 3.12 Water consumption tariff 53
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 3.13 Existing water meter rent per month----------------------------------------------------53
Table 3.14 Monthly payments for water service by household from different sources .......54
Table 3.15 Frequency of water interruption .........................................................................56
Table 3.16 Sample households’ Alternative sources of water during interruption ..............59
Table 3.17 Latrine service in Ambo Town ...........................................................................61
Table 3.18 Latrine facilities by sample household ................................................................62
Table 3.19 Cost of medicating for water and sanitation born disease ...................................69
Table 3. 20 Plan and actual budge of ATWSSSE (2006-2011 ) ............................................71

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List of Figures

Figures Page
Figure, 3.1 People bathing in Huluka River-------------------------------------------------------- 50
Figure, 3.2 People washing &bathing in Huluka River------------------------------------------- 50
Figure, 3.3 Liquid wastes flow in to Huluka river from private compound------------------- 60
Figure, 3.4 Waste flow in to Huluka river from private toilets---------------------------------- 60
Figure, 3.5 People defected near the river---------------------------------------------------------- 63
Figure, 3.6 Solid waste dumped near the river----------------------------------------------------- 63
Figure, 3.7 Public toilets overflow------------------------------------------------------------------ 64
Figure, 3.8 Dirty public toilets & Farso house near the toilets---------------------------------- 64
Figure,3. 9 Dirty public toilets in town center---------------------------------------------------- 65
Fgure,3.10 Private toilet released to open space by plastic tube-------------------------------- 65
Figure,3.11 Drainage destroyed by overflow----------------------------------------------------- 67
Figure,3.12 Drainage closed by solid wastes----------------------------------------------------- 67

vi
Acronyms
ATWSSSE Ambo Town Water Supply and Sewerage Services Enterprise
AWDR African Water Development Report
EcoSan Ecological Sanitation
FDRE Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
GDN Global Development Network
HEWs Health Extension Works
L/p/D Liter per Person per Day
MDG Millennium Development Goal
MoH Ministry of Health
MoWR Ministry of Water Resources
NGOs Non Government Organizations
OWRMB Oromiya Water Resource Management Bureau
ODA Overseas Development Assistance
UAP Universal Access Program
UNICEF United Nations Children’s Emergency Fund
UN-HABITAT United Nations Human Settlements Program
UNPPR United Nations Population Prospects Report
USAID/E United States Agency for International Development/Ethiopia
UNDP United Nation Development Program
WHO World Health Organization
WRI World Resources Institute
WSS Water Supply and Sanitation
WUP Water Utilization Perspectives
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