The Case Against Q: Studies in Markan Priority and the Synoptic Problem

231 Pages·2002·16.36 MB·English

by  Mark Goodacre

THCEA ASGEA INST
Th.:l.a One
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trieval systrteamn,s miotrit neda ,n yf oromr b ya nymean s, electronic, mechanical,
photocopyirnecgo,r dinogro, t herwisew,i thotuhte wri tten permissi on ofthe
publisher.
TrinPresitsy I nternatioP.nOa.l, Bo13x2 1Har,r isburg. PA1 7105
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Library ofC ongress Cataloging-in-PublicatioDna ta
Goodacre,M arkS .
Thecase agaiQn:ss tt udiineM sa. rkapnr ioraintdty h sey noptic prIo blem
MarkG oodacre.
p. em.
Inclubdiebsl iograprheferenicceasl a ndi ndex.
ISBN1 -56338-3(3a4lp-ka9.pe r)
1.Q hypothesis (cSryintoipctIii.lscs im tl)e .
BS2555.G5626 2 001
226'. 066-dc21
2001048084
Printeidnthe UnitSedta tes ofA merica
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CONTENTS
Preface
v11
Abbreviations
tx
1.F irImpressst ions 1
2.S ettiinngP lacteh Ceo rnerstoTnheeP: r ioroifMty a rk 19
3.Re asons and Rhetocr i 46
4." UnscrambthlEgeig n gw itahV engeance"?
LukeO'rsd earn dth eSe rmon onth eM ount 81
5.L ukeN,a rratiCvrei ticism, andt heSe rmono nt heM ount 105
6.T heS ynopJteiscua sn dt heC ellulChoriidst 121
7. How Blessedt hAPoereo r?S ource-CriRteifcallecti ons
ont heF irBesatti tudine M attheLwu,k eTh,o mas andQ 133
8.M ajoarn dM inoAgrre ements 152
9.N arratiSveqeu encine a S ayings Gospel?
Relfectioonnas C ontrasbte tweeTnh omaansd Q 170
Epilogue 187
Bibliography 191
IndeoxfA ncieTnetx ts 211
Index of Authors 221
IndeoxfS ubjects 225
v
PREFACE
ThCaes eA gaiQn csotm prisseesr oiafes st udoinet shS ey nopPtriocb lem
inw hich tthheeoo rfMy a rkan Priafofirmreidt yw hiislt eh eex istence
ofQ ,t hhey pothesteiccoasnlod u rbechei nMda tthaenwd L ukei,sc hal­
lengIeh da.v ter ibeudth a vfeo unmdy seulnfa btol ebe persuatdheadt
theervee wra ss ucah d enta,m dt hibso orke presemnyt se ndeavors
ocum
toe xplwahinyI fi ndL ukeu'ssoe f M attheawsw, e lalsM arkt,obe more
plausiIbtil swe i.t ahn i nevitdaebglroeef ea pprehentshiaaots n c holar
towartdhsbe e ginning of chairse eemrb aroknsa p rojaecstc ontroversial
ast haet temtpoat r guaeg aitnhseetx istoefnQ c.Ie a mt heregfroartee ful
toa ltlh osweho h avhee lpmeedt od evelmoypi deabso,t bhy o ffeorfs
encourageamnde nrtbo yb ucsrti tiwchiestmh,oe nri nterdniestc ussion
groulpiskC er ossatndaS lykn optaimcon-wgLh ,o mI w oulpda rticularly
wantt om entiSotne vDaanv ieWsi,l liAarmn aSlt,e phCeanr lsaonnd
JefPfe terosroo nno, c casionsIh awvhreee nap da rotsf t hibso oikn e ar­
lier veCrhsaipot5ne asrt:t hUen iverosfOi xtfyo rPdo st-Graduate New
TestamSeenmti n(aJru 1n9e 98a)nd t hSeoc ieotfyB ibliLciatle raAnt­ure
nuaMle etiSnygn,o ptSeicctsi oOnr,l an(dNoo vemb1e9r9 8C)h;a pt6e r
att hBer itNieswhT estamCeonntf ereGnlcaes,g (oSwe ptem1b9e9r8 );
Chapt7e art t heBr itNieswhT estamCeonntf ereBnrcies,tS oyln,o ptic
EvangelSiescttsi( oSne ptem1b9e9r9a )n;dC hapt9ea rtt heS ociety of
BibliLciatle raAtnunrueMa ele tiQn Sgec,t ioBno,s t(oNno vem1be9r9 9).
Chapt6eli ras r evivseerds oifoa nna rtiocrlieg inpaulbllyi sihn]e SdN T
80( 200301):- 44g,ra tefuuslewldiy t phe rmissPiaoront.fsC hapt1e,r s
3,a nd8 i ncorporreavtieso ifao p nasp ereard at tShyen optSieccst oifo n
thSeo cioeftB yi blical LAintneuraMalet eutrieNn ags,h vi(lNloev ember
2000p)u,b lisahs"e AdM onopoolnyM areaPnr iorFiatlyl?a actit hees
HearotfQ ,"S ocioefBt iyb lLiictaelr SaetmuirPneaa pre2 0r0s(0 Atlanta:
SocieotfyJB ibliLciatle ra2t0u0r0e5),3, 8 -6I2a 2m.g ratetfoJu olh Sn.
KloppenbVoerrgba innd E lizabSettrhu tMhaelrbso fno sro mhee lpful
feedboanc kt hat paper.
StephCeanr lsroena ad l arpgae rotf t hem anuscrainpdmt a dei n­
numeravballeu acbolmem enBtasr.b aSrhae llards erveecarhdaa lp ters
Vll
Preface
VlU
and mamdaen yh elprfeumla rIka sm. almsoos grta teftuoJl e fPfe ter­
sonw,i twhh omI h avhea dm anyu sefduils cussiontsh eia dbeoaust
contaihneerdae n;d I w oulldi kteothank MarkM atsonf osri milarly
useffeueld bacJko.h nS. K loppenboVregr bainnd J ohnM a.A sgeirs­
sonp rovihdeeldp cfoumlm enotnsa ne arlvieerrs ioofCn h apt9e.Mr y
thinkoinnt gh Sey nopPtriocb loewme asm assidveebt to mtye achers,
especiEa.Pl .Sl ayn deErrsiF,cr anklainndJ, o hMnu ddimaBnu.tI a m
alsion debttoem dyc olleaignBu iesr mingehsapmec,i aDlalvyiP da rker,
whoh aso ftbeeenn h apptyoe ngaigned iscussoifto hnte o piccosv ered
herMei.c haGeolu ldwehro,w ast hseu bjoecftm yd octordails sertation,
subsequmeynfi trlsybt o okhas, becomea v alufreide nsdi nIcc ea mteo
Birmingahnadim n;s piotfme y c ritiocfhi iswsmo rilkn G oulder andt he
Gospelsh,iis d ehaasv e neveirntshpeilmreuescdsh ofd itshceu sisni on
thibso ok.
Itw oulbde u tteirnlayd eqfuoamrte et otry toe xpress mhyeg rrea t­
itudem ytwife o, Violhae,r feo hre rp atieanncdse u ppoNrotr.d oes
thankmiyn pga renJtasn,ea tn dS elwyfno,tr h eeinrc ourageamdeen­t
quateelxyp remsysgr atitudeI,w oaunldd tloid keed icthaitsbe o ok
tot hem.
MARx GoooAcRE
UniverosfBi itrym ingham
TheCa seA gainQs twe bs ite:
http://ntgateway.com/Q
Cop ghted matenal
ABBREYIATIONS
WhilIeh avter iteoda voitdhe u se ofa bbreviaatisof anarss po ssible,
;
thfeo llowsitnagn ddaa bbreviaatirofoenu sn d:
ABD AnchoBri blDei ctionary
ABRL AnchoBri bRleef ereLniceb rary
AnBib Analectab iblica
ANRW Aufstiunde gN iedgearngd erro miscWheelnt
Ant. JosephAunst,i quiotfi etjshe ew s
BETI Bibliotehpehceam eritdhuemo lcarum ogi lovaniensium
BZNW Beihzeufrt ZNW
CBQ CatholBiicb liQcuaalr terly
DBI DictioonfaB riyb liIcanlt erpretation
EKKNT Evangeliscb-kaKtohmomleinstczahurem rN euen
Testament
ET EngliTsrha nslation
ETL Ephemer idesth eogliocaleo vanienses
ExpT ExpositToimreys
HistE.c clE.u sebiHuiss,t oecrc/esiiaas tica
Hfl(Nf Herdetrhse ologisKcohmemre nta.rzum NeueTnes tament
HTR Harvard TheologRiecavli ew
ICC InternatioCnrailti cComamle ntary
IDB InterprDeitcetri'oson fatr hyeB ible
IDBSuppI nterprDeitecrt'iso noaftr hyeB ibSle,u pplementary
Volume
lX
Abbreviations
x
IQP InternatQi Pornoajle ct
]BL journoafBl i bliLciatle rature
]SNT Journfaolrt hSet udoyf t heN ewT estament
JSNTSup Journfaolr t heS tudy tohfeN ew Testament
SupplemSeenrti es
JSOTSuJpou rnfaolr t heS tudy oft heO ldT estament
SupplemSeenrti es
]TS JournalT hoefo logSitcuadli es
LXX Septuagint
NA26 Nestle-ANloavnudm,T e stamentGumr aec2e6,the dition,
1979
NA27 Nesde-NAolvaunmdT, es tamentuGmr aec2e7,th e dition,
1993
NHS NagH ammadSit udies
NovT NovmnTe stametttum
NovTSupS upplemetnoNt osv umT estamentum
NTS NewT estameSnttu dies
SBL SocieotfBy i bliLciatle rature
SBLDS SBL DissSeerrtiaetsi on
SNTS StudiorNuomv Tic stameSnotcii etas
SNTSMS StudioNroumv Tie stameSnotcii eMtoanso grapShe ries
TPI TriniPtyr esIsn ternational
UBS UniteBdib Sloec ieties
WMANT WissenschaMfotnloigcrhaep hziuemAn l reunnd_ Neuen
Testament
WUNT WissenschaUfntltiecrhseu chuznugmNe enu eTne stament
ZNW Zeitscfihrinirfte zttestameWtitstlsiecnhsec haft
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ChaptOenre
FIRISMTP RESSIONS
Iti sa ta ne arly ipnot ihnetui nri veresdiutcya ttihoanst t udeonftr se ­
Ligiosutsu diaersei ntrodutcoQe .dI ti so neo ft heb asiacs t,o oolf
thet radteh ante edtso b eg rasp£erdo mt heb eginnin g.Th is losdto cu­
menth asb ecomaen e lementraersyo ufrockren owledagbeo utth Ne ew
Testameans tt,a polfie n troducctoourryso enCs h rsitiaOnr iginasn di n­
dispensfaobrrle es eairncthto h e historiIcnat lh euJ nelsiuksee.vl eyn t
thaat l ectusrheoru fladi lm etnot iQo,ns tudewniltlsfi ndr eferetnoc e
iti nt hfier sbto okosn t hGeo spetlhsa tth erye ad.
That oifsc ,o ursieft, h ehya vneo th earodf i ta lreafdoyQr, isn o
longceorn finiitnsgte olc fl assroloimbsr,a arnide ss chosltaurdsbi'ue st
ise mergitnodg evelao npe wc elebsrtitaytB uoso.k bsa seodn Q are
big business, jourtnealilltis sst toirtcye ,la e.irtvoiinpcs rloegsr atmask e
itf org rantaendd,o nec ane velni stteoQn ont hec arster eo ort he
WalkmanI.ti1 se astyos eweh yi its b ecominsog p opulIna ra.na get hat
hass eesno mew onderafruclh aeolodgiisccaolv epreioepsal,re ee xcited
tot hintkh atth ermei ghbte a losdtoc umenlty ibnegh inodu rG ospels,
juswta ititnobg e r ediscovaener xedc,i temienntte nsbiyfit ehdte h ought
thatth idso cumemnitg hbet oure arliseosutro cfei nformaotinow nh at
Jesuasc tuaslaliyOd n.e p opuleadri tioofQn e ntitcheers e adweirt thh e
1.E .Cgh.a rlAoltlt"eenT 'hSeaserch foarN o-FjresiulsAl,tlantics � Monthl27y8 6,( Dec.
1996):a ndF5 r1omJ- e6s8tuo,Ch sr ist,th mea joAmrer ican relevis ionseries from PBS (1998).
HowevQe bra,as c hiemvuecdh grea ter noto.rietyin rhUe .s.A.th.an ihast inEurope . Nonoef
thet hreree cBernti ttieslhe vseriesi sooi Joesnu Livess , ofj esus( BB1C99,6 )Th,ej esus Files
(CfVC1,9 9a9n)Sd o onf G od( BBC,2 001;it aired in the U.S.aAJs.esus: TheC omplete
StoDriys,c oCvhearny2 n00e1l)e, v enm entioQn.We edw ilsele m oreve:i dencei ndu ec ourse
fo.r thhei gphreorfit hlaQet has inAmerica inco mparison (especiaUy)wi th Britain. Marcus
Bor(gE diJtaocrNo)eb,e dl(eNmarartonar) ,Th omas Moore (lnttoduTcrihoLosten )G,o spel
Q:T heO rigiSnaayilon fJg ess (uTseS npe ed Press, Au1d9i9oa8,n)a u ,dio versionof theb ook
listiennd.2 . Th e blurfbo trhe ta pe iss tartling even byt hse tadnardso fsens ationalilistte rature
onQ :" TheLo tsG ospQe blr ithen gsrea der closetor r heh istor6igcaulro efJ es uschan ever
befoTrhee.s ayiwinthignts h bio.so rke presenthtve e r6m yg ospel.Lost fotrw oth ousanyeards ,
ir'sa w indow intthowe o rolfad nc ieOlnrri stiHaere narei rthey a.c ruwaolr dosf j esursh-e
orgiianlS ermoonnt hMeo unLto,rd P'rsa yearn,dBea titudesa,swel l as parables, aphorism s,
andg uidanocnie v nliga s impalned c ompassiolifen.at e•
1
Cop ghted matenal
2 FirIsmtp ressions
promitshea" tt heasrethe e o riginwaolr dosfj esups, eda ndw ritten
reserv
by hciosn temporawrhiielsae"n 2ot huenra shameadnlnyo unictessae sl f
"thfier sftu lalc couonftt h elo sgto spoeflJ esuso'r igifnoalll ow"e3r s.
Q playtsh iksi nodf k eyr olneo to nliyn t hep opullairt erabtuutr e,
alsion s cholawrolryko sn J esus. gOeunrer athiaossn e eQn placaetd
theh earotfh istorJiecsaurlse seareclhe,m4e ntianr recyo nstruJcetsiunsg'
sayinagcsr,o as bsr oasdp ectruomfs cholarsThhiemp u.c5h -respected
Germaenx egete TGheerids swehni,ln eo titnhga mta nyd iffepriecn­t
tureosfJ esuasr e prodbuycs ecdh oldaerpse ndoennQ t nevertheless
claitmhsa "tQ isc ertaitnhlemy o sti mportsaonutr fcoerr e construct­
ingt het eachoifnJ ge su"s6L. i kewitsheeJ esuSse minraari sQe tso a
specpiraolm ineinnic teos w nw eighionfg Jessauysi'n egmsb,e ddiintgs
importafnocJree surse seairnci htsv erpyr emises.7
Furthaenry,o nwei tehv ean p assiancgq uaintwaintchre ec enNte w
Testamsecnhto larwsihlrilep a ltihzaett h iem portaonfQc ei sn otl imited
toi trso lienJ esurse searRcehc.e nyte arhsa vsee ean p roliferoaft ion
interienQs ats a d ocumewnotr tsht udyiinni gs olaftriootmnh Geo spels
ofM attheawn dL ukei nw hiciht cso nteinset m beddeIdts.g enriet,s
straittats,h eolotghyec, o mmunitbieehsi nidt -aU thihsa sb ecome
thes ubjeocfit n tense speacnudcl aarteifrouenls earEcnhti.rd eo ctoral
dissertaartei odnesv toott heed analQy8sa insdth eoS foc ietoyfB iblical
2.T homMaoso rTeh,Lose t GospQe:Tl h Oeriginal Sayings oJfesus (eMadr.c uJs.B org
andM ark PowterlasRnoasnyR.; i egert; BerkelCeayl,Ui l£y.:sP srees1s 9s9,6 ).
3.B urtLo.Mn a.cThek ,Los 1 GospTehlBeoo: k ofQ anChrisdtia n Orings(i SaFnr ancisco:
HarperSanF1r9a9n3c)i.s co,
4.F oarn e xcelcloemnmte notanrt yh reo lQe h apsl ayaenddi sn owp layiinJn esgu s
Researscehje o hSn.K Joppenb•oThreg, SayGospeli nQgs and thQeu esto ft heH istorical
JesuHs,T"R 8 9:(41 993067)-:4 4wi,th respo nses byH elmutK oester (345-a4n9d)R on
Camero(n3 51-54).
5.T hicso ntiinnsup etieso fE .P .S andesermsi'nsJa eslus and Judaism (londo:n SCM,
1985w)h,i scthe celresoa fQr ; d .furth er his T11e HistoriCDI Figure ofJ esu(Lso ndAloln:e n
Lan1e9,9 3an)d E.P .S andeandr sM . DaviStudyinges, theS ynopGtoics p(ePlsh iladelphia:
TrinPirteyIs nst ernatLioonndaoSCMln,;: 1989San)d.ers isfo llowine tdh biysN .T .Wrigh t,
jesau11sdt h eV ictooryfC od:C hristianO riginsand theQ uestioo11fG odv,o l2;. L ondon:
SPCK1,9 96).
6.G erTdh eisasneAndnn et te Merz, The HistoriCDIJ es•.sA: Comprehensive Gui(dETe,
Londn:S CM,1 9982)9,.
o
7.A cceptaonfc eet hxei stoeftn hce"e S ayiGnogss peQl'" is o neo ft hsevee n" pilloafr s
scholwairsldyo Sme.Re"9 beWr.Ft unk, RoyW .H oovearn dt hjee sSuesm inTahreFive,
GospeTlhsSe:e arfcothrh Auet hentWioc rdso f Je(suSso nomCaa,l iPfo.l:e br1i9d93g3)e ,,
an9d- 19.
8.R eceenxta mpilneclsAu ldaeKn i rskU 'niveorfTs oirtoyPn ht.otD h.es niso,wp ublished
asT hCeo mpositoifothe n Sayings Source:G enre, Synchro'f); aJUJ Wsidom Redactiin0 11
Q (NovTS9u1pI.;.e, ide n: Bri1l9l9,8a )n dW tllE.i aAmm alPh'.sD .th esis, nowp ublished
asW illEi.aA mtn aJle,s a1u1d sth Vilelage Scribes: Galilean Cotr{lainctdtsh e Setotit•gf Q
(MmneapFoortlresiss,2: 0 01).
Cop ghted matenal
FirIsmtp ressions 3
Literahtaiustsr o ew nQ SecrWihoenr.Qe9 o ncef unctiloanregasde ly
a" sayings isito snu orwct ea,k"se enr ioausas nli ym porhtiasntto rical
andr eligairotuisif nia tcostw nr ight.
Thei ncreoafis net eirneQs ptr oceefdrso amn di nterwaicttsih ts
transfofrrmo"amst oiuotrno"ce G"o spelF.o"jr u sast iQns o wf ound
1°
in botthh cel assraonodtm h peu blairce nsaot, o iothas emergfreodm
thtee xotfsM atthaenwdL ukei,nw hich itot be uesmebde ddaendd,
ontaos taogfie t osw nn,o l ongseirm palnay s pecotft hseo luttioto hne
SynopPtriocb lbeumtn, o ww itahd istinpcrtoifilavene dp laicnee arly
ChristiWahneiritetwy a.so ncsei mpals yo urce, thseo usrtachyeei, n gs
Synoptic SSoauyroicernL gogienquesll e, ihta nso wb ecosmoem ething
mucmho rmea jor-Gao speilni tosw n riTghhe tF,iG rosstp eilnf act
(Jacobsonk)n,o wvnnao rwi oausst lhSyea yiGnogssp Qe,lt hGeos pel
ofQ orT heG ospeBle hind tGhoesp els1. 1
Int hiwsi despnreewaf da scinwaittiQho, tn h eirsae f eatoufri et s
histaonrdpy r ofitlheai tsi ncreabesiinnpggl layy deodw nf,o nro otn ly
haQs changeda " fsrooumr icneta"o" Gospelb,ua"tl sioit fs o rgetting
itosr igaisan h ypothiensdiesae,d d e rivahtyipovteh etshifesu ,n ction
ofw hicwha st o accfooutrnh te oorfit ghien dotruabdlietm iaotne rial
ont haes sumptthiaoMtna tthaenwdL ukwee rree dacMartki nign de­
pendenotfol nyea nothMearn.ybo oksa ndarticl es onQ nowf atiol
mentitohnik see yl emeinnQ t' isd entdiitsyp,e nwsiittnhhg we o r"dh y­
potheasnidst "r eaQt isnigm palspy a rotft heset ablilsihteedr ature of
earClhyr istianity.
Theraerg ee nugirnoeu nfdosr anxieIttiy sn ohstei rmept.lh yao tu r
teachtearusgu hst b teso uspicoifco luasis mods o gmaticaaslsleyro tre d
9.T heQ Sectiohna besen meetingsince 199Befo0r.e thaStB Lh ada SemQi nar( 1985-89).
Publicationfsr.o tmeh Qme eSeminar r gandi ng Q Sections ofS BLincl ude John Kloppenborg,
ed.C,o nflandi ctl 1111entionUtuary,: Rhetorical, and SocialS tudies on the SayingG$o spQe l
(PhiladTerlipnhPresiista yi: n ternati1o9n9a5l},.
10. ArJlaanco'<ib soThne, F irst Gospel:A nl rrtroduaion U> Q (Foundatio&.ns Facets;
SonomCaa,l iPfo.l:e br1i9d9ge2,C) h,a ptec2 charts Q'rises "FromSo urce toGos pel";cf .
jamesM. Robins"Theo nS,a yiGospeln gs Q•i nT heFour Gospels 199Festsch2ri:f t Frans
Neiryn(cked .F. Van Segbroeck et al.; BElLleu ven; 1l.00.cuven. 1; University Press, 1992),
361-8T8h.i issw eUd ocumentewdi,thsome critical remarks, byF raneiryncsk , -FroSmo urce
toG ospeElTL, 7"1 ( 199452)1:- 3N0e.i rynprefersc k rok eept ot bteeem "source� butbti si s
rapibdelcoym ianm gi norpiotsyi tion.
11. RoAn.Pa ilperded, ., ThGospelse behind thGeo spelCur�r ent St�tdies 011 Q (NovTSup,
75L;e idBerni:1l 9l9,4This ) .bo ok is one oftb emost imporrant published onQ inrecen t years
foirgt i vanes internationperspectail vef,ea turing arricles bya lmosaltlo ft hkeye figures inQ
reseairncchl,u FdrianNngeis r ynChristcokp,h er Tuckett, johKlnoppenborg , Arlandjacobson,
JamReso binsaonndP, a uHlo ffmaFnurthern,. Rona.ld Piperfine' si nuoducrion is probabtlhye
besarv ailesasbaloyen tcurrehnte staotefQ studies.
Cop ed