The Carolingians in Central Europe, Their History, Arts, and Architecture: A Cultural History of Central Europe, 750-900

567 Pages·2004·20.14 MB·English

by  Herbert Schutz

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THE CAROLINGIANS IN CENTRAL EUROPE,
THEIR HISTORY, ARTS AND ARCHITECTURE
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CULTURES, BELIEFS
AND TRADITIONS
medieval and early modern peoples
Editorial Board:
william brinner,University of California at Berkeley
florike egmond,Leiden University
gustav henningsen,Danish Folklore Archives
mayke de jong,University of Utrecht
miri rubin,Pembroke College, Oxford University
eli yassif,Tel Aviv University
VOLUME 18
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THE CAROLINGIANS
IN CENTRAL EUROPE,
THEIR HISTORY, ARTS
AND ARCHITECTURE
A Cultural History of Central Europe, 750-900
BY
HERBERT SCHUTZ
BRILL
LEIDEN •BOSTON
2004
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This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Schutz, Herbert, 1937-
The Carolingians in Central Europe, their history, arts, and architecture : cultural history
of Central Europe, 750-900 / by Herbert Schutz.
p. cm. — (Cultures, beliefs, and traditions ; v. 18)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 90-04-13149-3
1. Carolingians. 2. Europe, Central—History. 3. Civilization, Medieval. 4. Culture
diffusion—Europe, Central. 5. Art, Carolingian. 6. Architecture, Carolingian. 7. Learning
and scholarship—History—Medieval, 500-1500. I. Title. II. Series.
DJK4.S38 2003
943'.0009'02—dc21
2003052330
ISSN 1382–5364
ISBN 90 04 13149 3
© Copyright 2004 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written
permission from the publisher.
Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal
use is granted by Brill provided that
the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright
Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910
Danvers MA 01923, USA.
Fees are subject to change.
printed in the netherlands
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v
To my brother Hart
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CONTENTS
List of Illustrations ...................................................................... ix
List of Maps ................................................................................ xxi
Foreword .................................................................................... xxiii
Acknowledgements ...................................................................... xxix
Introduction ................................................................................ 1
Part A The Carolingian Realms
I. Reaching for the crown—Continuity and change
in the realms of the Franks ...................................... 17
II. Towards Empire ........................................................ 49
III. Charlemagne’s successors .......................................... 82
IV. Towards the partition of the Empire ...................... 113
V. The emerging profile of Central Europe ................ 118
VI. The last unification of the Empire .......................... 125
Part B Books, Gems and Ivories
VII. The recapitulation of origins .................................... 135
VIII. Carolingian scribal culture ........................................ 147
IX. Religious literature .................................................... 171
X. Secular literature ...................................................... 203
XI. The cloister arts ........................................................ 216
XII. Illuminated manuscripts—Evangelists ...................... 221
XIII. Illuminated manuscripts—Ruler Portraits ................ 248
XIV. Illuminated manuscripts—Christ in Majesty .......... 261
XV. Illuminated manuscripts—Narrative style ................ 264
XVI. Engraved crystals ...................................................... 277
XVII. Ivories ........................................................................ 281
XVIII. Gems, precious metals and bronzes—
Liturgical art .............................................................. 299
Part C Palaces and Basilicas
XIX. Architecture—Palaces ................................................ 323
XX. Architecture—Wall painting .................................... 333
XXI. Architecture—Basilicas .............................................. 340
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Conclusion .................................................................................. 369
Selected Bibliography ................................................................ 391
Index ............................................................................................ 397
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Color Plates
(Pls. 1a–33c can be found in Part B, between the pages 224 and 225)
Plate 1a. Picto-poem of Christ the Savior from Hrabanus Maurus’
De laudibus sancti crucis, Fulda. Inv. Codex 652, fol. 6v. (Vienna, Öster-
reichische Nationalibliothek).
Plate 1b. Dedicatory page from Hrabanus Maurus’ De laudibus sancti
crucis, showing Hrabanus and Alcuin presenting the book to Otgar
of Mainz, Fulda. Inv. Cod. 652, fol. 2v. (Vienna, Österreichische
Nationalbibliothek).
Plate 1c. Dedicatory page from Hrabanus Maurus’ De laudibus sancti
crucis showing the emperor Louis the Pious as Soldier in Christ. Fulda.
Inv. Cod. 652, fol. 3v. (Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek).
Plate 2a. Display initial of the 51. Psalm, Folchart Psalter, c. 864/872.
Inv. Cod. 23, fol. 135. (St. Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek).
Plate 2b. Irish Gospel, c. 750, confronting pages showing a cross
page and an initial page. Inv. Cod. 51, fols. 6, 7. (St. Gallen, Stifts-
bibliothek).
Plates 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d. Irish Gospel, c. 750, the Evangelists John and
Marc, Matthew and Christ. Inv. Cod. 51. fols. 2, 78, 208, 266. (St.
Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek).
Plates 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d. Codex millenarius, the Evangelists Matthew, Inv.
Cim. 1, fol. 17v, 18r. and Marc, Inv. Cim. 1, fol. 109v, 110r) with
their emblems. (Stiftsbibliothek, Kremsmünster) (Millenarius: Photo
P. Amand Kraml, copyright Stift Kremsmünster).
Plates 5a, 5b, 5c, 5d. Codex millenarius, the Evangelists Luke, Inv.
Cim. 1, fol. 174v, 175r. and John, Inv. Cim. 1, fol. 276v, 277r. with
their emblems. (Stiftsbibliothek, Kremsmünster).
Plates 6a, 6b, 6c, 6d. Enthroned Evangelists with tetramorphs from
the Godescalc Gospels, c. 781–783, Palace School of Charlemagne,