The Cardiovascular Demands of Division I Sideline Cheerleaders During Training and Football Games

2018·13.8 MB·English

by  McKenna Cornett

COLUMBUS STATE UNIVERSITY
THE CARDIOVASCULAR DEMANDS OF DIVISION I SIDELINE CHEERLEADERS
DURING TRAINING AND FOOTBALL GAMES
A THESIS SUBMITTED TO
THE COLLEGE OF EDUCATION AND HEALTH PROFESSIONS
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF
THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF
MASTER OF SCIENCE
DEPARTMENT OF KINESIOLOGY AND HEALTH SCIENCES
BY
MCKENNA CORNETT
COLUMBUS, GEORGIA
2018
Copyright © 2018 McKenna Cornett.
All Rights Reserved.
THE CARDIOVASCULAR DEMANDS OF DIVISION I SIDELINE CHEERLEADERS
DURING TRAINING AND FOOTBALL GAMES
By
McKenna Cornett
Committee Chair:
Dr. Kate Early

Committee Members:
Dr. Brian Tyo
Dr. Clayton Nicks
Columbus State University
December 2018
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the autonomic balance and cardiovascular
demands of collegiate sideline cheerleaders between practice and game settings, and throughout
four quarters of a football game; and to evaluate the physical fitness of collegiate Division I
cheerleaders. Eleven cheerleaders volunteered to participate (age; 18.9+0.8y, height;
163.2+4.3cm, and body mass; 64.9+8.7kg). Basic physical fitness was assessed by evaluating
blood pressure, resting heart rate, grip strength, and body composition. Physiological data
(maximal heart rate [HR], average HR, physiological intensity, physiological load, maximal
activity, and average activity) were collected at four practices and four games using a Zephyr
Bioharmess HR monitor. Prior to each practice and game, a 15-minute heart rate variability
(HRV) reading was taken in the seated position. There was a significantly higher LF/HF ratio
prior to game than prior to practice (p<0.01). Average HR was significantly higher during game
than practice (p<0.01). Average activity level was significantly higher during game than in
practice (p<0.01), while maximal activity level was significantly higher in practice than during
game (p<0.01). More time was spent in the moderate and vigorous intensity heart rate zones
during games than during practice (p<0.05). Average HR, physiological intensity, and
physiological load were significantly higher in Q1 and Q2 than Q3 and Q4 (p<0.01). Maximal
HR was significantly higher in Q1 than Q3 and Q4 (p<0.01). The present study demonstrates
higher HR and intensities and a shift toward sympathetic activity in games than during practice
in Division I cheerleaders, therefore implementing more high-intensity exercise sessions during
practice may be beneficial to mimic a game-like situation.
KEYWORDS: Cheerleaders, Heart Rate Variability, Intensity, Fitness
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author would like to thank the Georgia State University Cheerleading Team for their
extraordinary effort and cooperation throughout the duration of the study. The author would also
like to thank Georgia State University for providing field access to the researchers to facilitate
the research process. Lastly, the author would like to thank the Georgia State University Spirit
Coordinator for allowing the researcher to attend practices and games to collect data.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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1.5 Heart Rate Variability as a Marker of Training and Performance ....................... 7
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CHAPTER 2: THE CARDIOVASCULAR DEMANDS OF DIVISION I SIDELINE
CHEERLEADERS DURING TRAINING AND FOOTBALL GAMES
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Particioant Choracieristics (mean SI) i... ccuonsiivit cid oins sins vininnmmssisssnnsassnns
Table 2. Practice vs. game resting HRV and physiological variables.....................ceev ven, 20
Table 3. Physiological variables throughout the four-quarters of the football games............... 22
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure |. Percentage of time Spent HR 20088 o.oo satin esi tsi na sha cn ns 21
1X
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
NCAA National Collegiate Athletic Association
HR Heart Rate
HRV Heart Rate Variability
SNS Sympathetic Nervous System
PNS Parasympathetic Nervous System
ANS Autonomic Nervous System
%BF Body Fat Percentage
FFM Fat Free Mass
FM Fat Mass
BM Body Mass
SDNN Standard Deviation of N-N Intervals
RMSSD Root Mean of Successive Squared Differences
LF Low Frequency
HF High Frequency
American College of Sports Medicine
Velocity Magnitude Units
Game 1,2,3, 4
Quarter 1,2, 3,4
Wet Globe Ball Temperature
Air Temperature
Globe Temperature