The Capitalist State and the Construction of Civil Society: Public Funding and the Regulation of Popular Education in Sweden, 1870–1991

217 Pages·2017·4.449 MB·English

by  Anne Berg, Samuel Edquist (auth.)

The Capitalist State
and the Construction
of Civil Society
AnneBerg(cid:129)SamuelEdquist
The Capitalist State
and the
Construction
of Civil Society
Public Funding and the Regulation of Popular
–
Education in Sweden, 1870 1991
AnneBerg SamuelEdquist
DepartmentofEducation DepartmentofALM
UppsalaUniversity UppsalaUniversity
Uppsala,Sweden Uppsala,Sweden
ISBN978-3-319-52454-2 ISBN978-3-319-52455-9(eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-52455-9
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017937396
©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s)2017
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsof
translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on
microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and
retrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology
nowknownorhereafterdeveloped.
Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthis
publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesare
exemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformation
in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the
publishernortheauthorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespectto
thematerialcontainedhereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.The
publisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitu-
tionalaffiliations.
Coverillustration:incamerastock/AlamyStockPhoto
Printedonacid-freepaper
ThisPalgraveMacmillanimprintispublishedbySpringerNature
TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG
Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland
A
CKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This book originates from a research project, “The financing of
Swedish popular education, 1872–1991: Economic governance, stan-
dards and practices between the public and voluntary sectors”. The
project, based at Uppsala University’s Department of Education,
began in 2011 with generous funding from the research foundation
Jan Wallanders och Tom Hedelius Stiftelse samt Tore Browaldhs
Stiftelse.
The introductory and concluding chapters, Chapters 1 and 6, were
jointly written by us. The empirical surveys in Chapters 2–5 are divided
intotwochronologicalparts,beforeandafterc.1910.Thereasonforthis
is that, around that year, tactics concerning the governance of voluntar-
ismdevelopedinnewways.Annewasmainlyresponsiblefortheempiri-
cal research behind Chapters 2 and 3, and Samuel for that underlying
Chapters 4 and 5. However, the final text and its main arguments build
on our combined efforts.
Thisbookwouldnothavebeenwrittenwithoutthesupportofothers.
AcollectivethankyougoestothemembersoftheHistoryofEducation
seminar, the Uppsala Studies of History and Education (SHED) and
Sociology of Education and Culture (SEC) research groups in our
department, and other forums and conferences at which we presented
ourpreliminaryresults.Wewouldespeciallyliketothankourcolleagues
and friends Andreas Åkerlund, Sara Backman Prytz, Henrik Edgren,
Peter Bernhardsson, Esbjörn Larsson, Germund Larsson, Sofia
Lindgren, Henrik Nordvall, Johan Prytz, Kerstin Rydbeck and
Johannes Westberg, who gave us valuable comments on drafts of our
v
vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
text.Voluntaryacademicworkisjustasdependentongrantsasvoluntary
popular education. We would therefore also like to thank the
Department of Education, which guaranteed the services of a language
editor.
UppsalaandStockholm Anne Berg
29September 2016 SamuelEdquist
C
ONTENTS
1 Capitalist StatesandCivil Societies 1
The CapitalistState and CivilSociety 4
The Constructionof CivilSociety 6
The Institutional Expressionsof theSwedish CapitalistState 9
Research Setting and Methodology 10
What IsPopular Education? 11
Popular Education Research 12
The Approachof OurStudy 14
Outline ofthe Book 15
2 AutonomisationorGoverningthe Evolution of Freedom 19
The Nineteenth-CenturyCapitalistState 20
Popular Education andthe Popular Classes 26
The Political Rationalityof Subsidies forPopular Education 30
A Tale ofThree Policies 31
VoluntaryEducation for Social Cohesion 36
The Enabling andStabilisingRole of GovernmentResources 39
The GrantSystem 39
Rising Grants,Rising Organisations 42
TheRoleofPublicFundingforFolkHighSchoolsandLecture
Societies 47
3 IndependentyetFunctional andRational 59
Governing Organisations 60
vii
viii CONTENTS
BureaucraticallyConnected andFormalised Organisations 61
Circumscribing theIdeological Possibilities 65
Programmes forSocial Consent 70
Apparatuses of Self-Regulation 74
4 AutonomisationandBureaucratisation inthe Welfare
StateEra 83
The Formationof theWelfare State and theSwedish Experience 84
The Makingof aPopularEducation Sector 86
AnOverview of theGovernmentGrantSystem from
1911 to 1991 87
General Usefulnessforthe State and theNation 95
Integrating Publicand PrivateFunding 100
The BureaucraticIntegrationofPopular Education 105
The Riseofa GovernmentPopularEducation Bureaucracy 106
The CorporatistNature ofStudyAssociations 108
CreatingOrganisations forServices and Cooperation 113
The CorporatistBalance BetweenPopular Education
and Governmentas Realityand Ideology 117
5 DesigningPopular Education 131
Governing InternalOrganisational and EducationalPractices 132
DefiningOrganisational and EducationalForms 132
Requiring Systematicity,Pedagogical Qualityand
Cooperation 134
Governing IdeologicalContent 137
Fostering aDemocratic Mind:From Anti-Politics
to the PopularMovement Spirit 137
Reproducing NationalIdentity 141
PromotingMorals and Elevatingthe Youth 142
SafeguardingEducational and CulturalQuality 144
Definingthe Boundaries:The ContradictionBetween
Ideal and OrganisedPopular Education 146
6 Conclusion 163
The CapitalistState and theStrategy ofAutonomisation 165
Autonomisation andthe Historical Processof Bureaucratisation 169
Epilogue: Autonomisationthe Neo-LiberalWay 172
CONTENTS ix
Bibliography 181
Index 203
A S
BBREVIATIONS WEDISH
SeealsoArchival sources,for archivalabbreviations (meaningsinSwedish,
withEnglish translation).
ABBREVIATION SWEDISH, WITH ENGLISH TRANSLATION
ABF Arbetarnasbildningsförbund–TheWorkers’EducationalAssociation
Bet. utskottsbetänkande – Riksdag committee report (see Riksdag
publications)
bih. bihang–appendix
bil. bilaga–appendix
dnr diarienummer–referencenumber
E Ecklesiastikdepartementet – The Ministry of Education and
EcclesiasticalAffairs
FBF Folkbildningsförbundet–ThePopularEducationAssociation
IOGT Godtemplarorden–TheInternationalOrderofGoodTemplars
JoU Jordbruksutskottet – The Parliamentary Committee on Agriculture
(seeRiksdagpublications)
JUF Jordbrukareungdomensförbund–TheYoungFarmers’Association
KK/BR Kapitalkonto/Budgetredovisning–annuallypublishedoutcomeofthe
central government budget for the past year (see Other printed
references)
Mot. motion–privatemember’smotion(seeRiksdagpublications)
Prop. proposition–governmentbill(seeRiksdagpublications)
Prot. Riksdagens protokoll – records of proceedings of the Riksdag (see
Riksdagpublications)
RA Riksarkivet–TheSwedishNationalArchives
xi