The Cambridge World History: Volume 4, A World with States, Empires and Networks 1200 BCE-900 CE PDF
Preview The Cambridge World History: Volume 4, A World with States, Empires and Networks 1200 BCE-900 CE
the cambridge world history * VOLUMEIV From1200BCE to900CE,theworldwitnessedtheriseofpowerful new states and empires, as well as networks of cross-cultural exchangeandconquest.Consideringtheformationandexpansion of these large-scale entities, this fourth volume of The Cambridge WorldHistoryseriesoutlineskeyeconomic,political,social,cultural, andintellectualdevelopmentsthatoccurredacrosstheglobeinthis period.Leadingscholarsexaminecriticaltransformationsinscience and technology, economic systems, attitudes toward gender and family, social hierarchies, education, art, and slavery. The second partofthevolumefocusesonbroaderprocessesofchangewithin WesternandCentralEurasia,theMediterranean,SouthAsia,Africa, EastAsia,Europe,theAmericas,andOceania,aswellasoffering regionalstudieshighlightingspecifictopics,fromtradealongtheSilk RoadsandacrosstheSahara,toChacocultureintheUSSouthwest, toConfucianismandthestateinEastAsia. Craig BenjaminisProfessorofHistoryintheFrederikJ.Meijer HonorsCollegeatGrandValleyStateUniversity.Heisco-authorof BigHistory:BetweenNothingandEverything. Downloaded from https:/www.cambridge.org/core. Cornell University, on 07 Jan 2017 at 21:48:07, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https:/www.cambridge.org/core/terms. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139059251 the cambridge world history TheCambridgeWorldHistoryisanauthoritativenewoverviewofthe dynamicfieldofworldhistory.Itcoversthewholeofhumanhistory, notsimplyhistorysincethedevelopmentofwrittenrecords,inan expandedtimeframethatrepresentsthelatestthinkinginworldand globalhistory.Withover200essays,itisthemostcomprehensive accountyetofthehumanpast,anditdrawsonabroadinternational poolofleadingacademicsfromawiderangeofscholarlydisciplines. Reflecting the increasing awareness that world history can be examined through many different approaches and at varying geographic and chronological scales, each volume offers regional, topical,andcomparativeessaysalongsidecasestudiesthatprovide depth of coverage to go with the breadth of vision that is the distinguishingcharacteristicofworldhistory. Editor-In-Chief Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks,DepartmentofHistory, UniversityofWisconsin-Milwaukee EditorialBoard Graeme Barker,DepartmentofArchaeology, CambridgeUniversity Craig Benjamin,DepartmentofHistory, GrandValleyStateUniversity Jerry Bentley,DepartmentofHistory,UniversityofHawaii David Christian,DepartmentofModernHistory, MacquarieUniversity Ross Dunn,DepartmentofHistory, SanDiegoStateUniversity Candice Goucher,DepartmentofHistory, WashingtonStateUniversity Marnie Hughes-Warrington,DepartmentofModernHistory, MonashUniversity Alan Karras InternationalandAreaStudiesProgram, UniversityofCalifornia-Berkeley Benjamin Z. Kedar,DepartmentofHistory, HebrewUniversity Downloaded from https:/www.cambridge.org/core. Cornell University, on 07 Jan 2017 at 21:48:07, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https:/www.cambridge.org/core/terms. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139059251 John R. McNeill,SchoolofForeignServiceand DepartmentofHistory,GeorgetownUniversity Kenneth Pomeranz,DepartmentofHistory,UniversityofChicago Verene Shepherd,DepartmentofHistory, UniversityoftheWestIndies Sanjay Subrahmanyam,DepartmentofHistory, UCLAandCollègedeFrance Kaoru Sugihara,DepartmentofEconomics,KyotoUniversity Marcel van der Linden,InternationalInstituteofSocialHistory, Amsterdam Q. Edward Wang,DepartmentofHistory,RowanUniversity Norman Yoffee,DepartmentofNearEasternStudiesand AnthropologyattheUniversityofMichigan; InstitutefortheStudyoftheAncientWorld,NewYorkUniversity Downloaded from https:/www.cambridge.org/core. Cornell University, on 07 Jan 2017 at 21:48:07, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https:/www.cambridge.org/core/terms. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139059251 Downloaded from https:/www.cambridge.org/core. Cornell University, on 07 Jan 2017 at 21:48:07, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https:/www.cambridge.org/core/terms. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139059251 THE CAMBRIDGE WORLD HISTORY * VOLUME IV A World with States, Empires, and Networks, 1200 –900 BCE CE * Editedby CRAIG BENJAMIN GrandValleyStateUniversity Downloaded from https:/www.cambridge.org/core. Cornell University, on 07 Jan 2017 at 21:48:07, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https:/www.cambridge.org/core/terms. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139059251 UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learningandresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107015722 ©CambridgeUniversityPress2015 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2015 PrintedintheUnitedKingdombyTJInternationalLtd.PadstowCornwall AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN978-1-107-01572-2Hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof URLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication, anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. Downloaded from https:/www.cambridge.org/core. Cornell University, on 07 Jan 2017 at 21:48:07, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https:/www.cambridge.org/core/terms. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139059251 Contents Listoffigures x Listofmaps xiv Listoftables xv Listofcontributors xvi Preface xvii 1 · Introduction:theworldfrom1200BCE to900CE 1 craig benjamin part i: GLOBAL HISTORIES 2 · Globaleconomichistory 29 sitta von reden 3 · Thegenderingofpowerinthefamilyandthestate 55 scott wells and ping yao 4 · Slavery 76 peter hunt 5 · TheAxialAgeinworldhistory 101 bjo¨rn wittrock 6 · Developmentsinscienceandtechnologyc.800BCE –c.800CE 120 helmuth schneider 7 · Discoursesongenderandsexuality 154 scott wells and ping yao vii Downloaded from https:/www.cambridge.org/core. Cornell University, on 07 Jan 2017 at 21:50:30, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https:/www.cambridge.org/core/terms. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139059251 Contents 8 · Art 179 robert bagley 9 · Pastoralnomads 235 timothy may part ii: TRANS-REGIONAL AND REGIONAL PERSPECTIVES 10 · WesternandCentralEurasia 271 touraj daryaee 11 · Regionalstudy:Baktria–thecrossroadsofancientEurasia 300 jeffrey lerner 12 · TheMediterranean 325 craig benjamin and merry e. wiesner-hanks 13 · Regionalstudy:AthensinthefifthcenturyBCE 350 william morison 14 · LateantiquityinEuropec.300–900CE 375 charles f. pazdernik 15 · EastAsia 407 charles holcombe 16 · Regionalstudy:Confucianismandthestate 435 xinzhong yao 17 · Regionalstudy:exchangeswithintheSilkRoadsworldsystem 457 xinru liu 18 · SouthAsia 480 shonaleeka kaul viii Downloaded from https:/www.cambridge.org/core. Cornell University, on 07 Jan 2017 at 21:50:30, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https:/www.cambridge.org/core/terms. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139059251 Contents 19 · Regionalstudy:Pataliputra 514 shonaleeka kaul 20 · TheAmericas 537 erica begun and janet brashler 21 · Regionalstudy:ChacoCanyonandtheUSSouthwest 572 stephen h. lekson 22 · AustralasiaandthePacific 603 ian j. mcniven 23 · Africa:states,empires,andconnections 631 stanley burstein 24 · Regionalstudy:trans-Saharantrade 662 ralph austen Index 687 ix Downloaded from https:/www.cambridge.org/core. Cornell University, on 07 Jan 2017 at 21:50:30, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https:/www.cambridge.org/core/terms. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139059251 Figures 4.1 Romanslavecollar.Theinscriptionsontheseoftenincluded,“Seizeme,sinceIam arunaway,”andpromisedarewardforthereturnoftheslave.(©ScottWeiner/ RetnaLtd./Corbis) 79 4.2 EuphroniusKrater,gymnasiumscenewithslaves,depictedmuchsmaller,helping freeathletes(bpk/Antikensammlung,StaatlicheMuseenzuBerlin/Johannes Laurentius) 82 4.3 Afemaledomesticslavecarryingaboxofcosmetics,sceneoffemaletoilettefrom theCollectionofGreekVasesbyMr.LeComtedeLamburg(Collectiondesvases grecsdeMr.lecomtedeLamberg),1813–1824,byAlexandredeLaborde(1773–1842), VolumeIITable44(BibliothèquedesArtsDécoratifs,Paris,France/DeAgostini PictureLibrary/G.DagliOrti/BridgemanImages) 84 4.4 Romansoldierwithchainedprisoners(LandesmuseumMainz) 92 6.1 Eratosthenes’methodofcalculatingthecircumferenceoftheearth(G.E.R.Lloyd, GreekScienceafterAristotle,London1973,p.50,fig.3) 130 6.2 Ptolemy,theepicyclicmotionoftheplanets(G.E.R.Lloyd,GreekScienceafter Aristotle,London1973,p.62,fig.5) 132 6.3 Gallicreaper(harvestingmachine)(White,GreekandRomanTechnology,London 1984,p.61,fig.47) 137 6.4 Waterwheelforminedrainage(J.F.Healy,MiningandMetallurgyintheGreekand RomanWorld,London1978,p.98,fig.19) 138 6.5 RomanwatermillaccordingtoVitruvius(G.E.R.Lloyd,GreekScienceafter Aristotle,London1973,p.107,fig.22) 139 6.6 Hero’sballrotatedbysteam(G.E.R.Lloyd,GreekScienceafterAristotle,London 1973,p.105,fig.21) 141 7.1 TangdynastypaintingoftheParadiseofSakyamuni,withillustrationsofepisodes (©TheTrusteesoftheBritishMuseum.Allrightsreserved) 159 7.2 Romanterracottalamp,manufacturedinAsiaMinorduringthefirstcenturyCE(© TheTrusteesoftheBritishMuseum.Allrightsreserved) 175 8.1 Chi-rhopagefromtheBookofKells.Inkandcoloronvellum.33x25cm.Trinity College,Dublin.EighthorninthcenturyCE,probablyfromanIrishmonasteryon Iona,anislandoffthecoastofScotland(TheBoardofTrinityCollegeDublin) 181 8.2 ThebrotherofRamoseandhiswife.LimestonerelieffromthetombofRamose. FourteenthcenturyBCE.Egypt,ancientThebes(modernLuxor)(DeAgostini PictureLibrary/G.DagliOrti/BridgemanImages) 184 x Downloaded from https:/www.cambridge.org/core. Cornell University, on 07 Jan 2017 at 21:52:51, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https:/www.cambridge.org/core/terms. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139059251
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