The Cambridge Prehistory of the Bronze and Iron Age Mediterranean

682 Pages·2014·43.14 MB·English

by  A. Bernard Knapp, Peter van Dommelen

Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-76688-3 - The Cambridge Prehistory of the Bronze and Iron Age Mediterranean
Edited by A. Bernard Knapp and Peter Van Dommelen
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The Cambridge Prehistory of the Bronze and Iron Age Mediterranean
The Cambridge Prehistory of the Bronze and Iron Age Mediterranean off ers new insights into the material and social practices of
many diff erent Mediterranean peoples during the Bronze and Iron Ages, presenting in particular those features that both
connect and distinguish them. Contributors discuss in depth a range of topics that motivate and structure Mediterranean
archaeology today, including insularity and connectivity; mobility, migration and colonisation; hybridisation and cultural
encounters; materiality, memory and identity; community and household; life and death; and ritual and ideology. The vol-
ume’s broad coverage of diff erent approaches and contemporary archaeological practices will enable even general readers
to understand better the people, ideas and materials that make up the world of Mediterranean archaeology today, beyond
the borders that separate Europe, Africa and the Middle East. It will also help the practitioners of Mediterranean archae-
ology to move the subject forward in new and dynamic ways.
A. Bernard Knapp is Emeritus Professor of Mediterranean Archaeology at the University of Glasgow and Honorary
Research Fellow at the Cyprus American Archaeological Research Institute in Nicosia. He has held research appoint-
ments at the University of Sydney, the Cyprus American Archaeological Research Institute, Cambridge University and
Macquarie University (Sydney). His research interests include archaeological theory (e.g. insularity and island archaeology,
social identity, gender, and hybridisation practices), archaeological landscapes and regional archaeologies and Bronze Age
Mediterranean prehistory generally. He is co-editor of the J ournal of Mediterranean Archaeology and editor of the series
Monographs in Mediterranean Archaeology . His most recent book is T he Archaeology of Cyprus: From Earliest Prehistory through
the Bronze Age (Cambridge University Press, 2013).
P eter van Dommelen is Joukowsky Family Professor of Archaeology and Professor of Anthropology at the Joukowsky
Institute for Archaeology and the Ancient World of Brown University. Between 1997 and 2012, he taught Mediterranean
Archaeology in the Department of Archaeology of the University of Glasgow (Scotland, UK). He was visiting professor
in the Department of History of the University of the Balearics (Palma de Mallorca, Spain) in 2012, in the Faculty of
Architecture of the University of Cagliari (Italy) in 2011, and in the Department of Prehistory and Archaeology at the
University of Valencia (Spain) in 2005–2006. His research interests include colonialism, rural households and landscapes
in the (west) Mediterranean, in both ancient and more recent times. In practical terms, he has long been engaged in fi eld
survey and ceramic studies in Sardinia, Italy. Founding co-editor of the journal A rchaeological Dialogues until 2006, he cur-
rently co-edits the J ournal of Mediterranean Archaeology and sits on the editorial board of World Archaeology . He is co-author
of Rural Landscapes of the Punic World (2008).
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Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-76688-3 - The Cambridge Prehistory of the Bronze and Iron Age Mediterranean
Edited by A. Bernard Knapp and Peter Van Dommelen
Frontmatter
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© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-76688-3 - The Cambridge Prehistory of the Bronze and Iron Age Mediterranean
Edited by A. Bernard Knapp and Peter Van Dommelen
Frontmatter
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The Cambridge Prehistory
of the Bronze and Iron
Age Mediterranean
Edited by
A. BERNARD KNAPP
University of Glasgow, Cyprus American Archaeological Research Institute
and
PETER VAN DOMMELEN
Brown University
© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-76688-3 - The Cambridge Prehistory of the Bronze and Iron Age Mediterranean
Edited by A. Bernard Knapp and Peter Van Dommelen
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© A. Bernard Knapp and Peter van Dommelen 2014
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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data
The Cambridge prehistory of the Bronze and Iron Age Mediterranean /
[edited by] A. Bernard Knapp, Peter van Dommelen.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-521-76688-3 (hardback)
1. Bronze age – Mediterranean Region. 2. Iron age – Mediterranean Region. 3. Prehistoric peoples – Mediterranean Region.
4. Mediterranean Region – Antiquities. 5. Material culture – Mediterranean Region – History – To 1500. 6. Social
archaeology – Mediterranean Region. 7. Archaeology – Mediterranean Region. I. Knapp, Arthur Bernard.
II. Dommelen, Peter Alexander Ren van, 1966– III. Title: Prehistory of the Bronze and Iron Age Mediterranean.
GN778.25.C36 2015
937–dc23 2013047251
ISBN 978-0-521-76688-3 Hardback
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CONTENTS
List of Illustrations page v ii 8 The Anatolian Context of Philia Material
Contributors x iii Culture in Cyprus 139
Christoph Bachhuber
Preface x vii
9 Bronze Age European Elites: From the
Mediterranean Introductions 1
Aegean to the Adriatic and Back Again 157
A. Bernard Knapp and Peter van Dommelen
Michael L. Galaty, Helena Tomas and
William A. Parkinson
INSULARITY AND CONNECTIVITY 7 10 Greece in the Early Iron Age: Mobility,
Commodities, Polities, and Literacy 178
1 A Little History of Mediterranean Island John K. Papadopoulos
Prehistory 10
11 Before ‘the Gates of Tartessos’: Indigenous
John F. Cherry and Thomas P. Leppard
Knowledge and Exchange Networks in the
2 Inside Out? Materiality and Connectivity in
Late Bronze Age Far West 196
the Aegean Archipelago 25 Marisa Ruiz-Gálvez
Carl Knappett and Irene Nikolakopoulou
12 Colonisations and Cultural Developments
3 Early Island Exploitations: Productive and
in the Central Mediterranean 215
Subsistence Strategies on the Prehistoric Tamar Hodos
Balearic Islands 40
13 The Iron Age in South Italy: Settlement,
Damià Ramis
Mobility and Culture Contact 230
4 Islands and Mobility: Exploring Bronze Massimo Osanna
Age Connectivity in the South-Central
Mediterranean 57
HYBRIDISATION AND CULTURAL
Davide Tanasi and Nicholas C. Vella
ENCOUNTERS 249
5 Sicily in Mediterranean History in the
Second Millennium BC 74 14 Migration, Hybridization, and Resistance:
Anna Maria Bietti Sestieri
Identity Dynamics in the Early Iron Age
6 Late Bronze Age Sardinia: Acephalous Cohesion 96 Southern Levant 252
Emma Blake Shlomo Bunimovitz and Zvi Lederman
15 Cultural Interactions in Iron Age Sardinia 266
Carlo Tronchetti
MOBILITY, MIGRATION AND
COLONISATION 109 16 Myth into Art: Foreign Impulses and Local
Responses in Archaic Cypriot Sanctuaries 285
7 Corridors and Colonies: Comparing Derek B. Counts
Fourth–Third Millennia BC Interactions in
17 Mobility, Interaction and Power in the Iron
Southeast Anatolia and the Levant 111
Age Western Mediterranean 299
Raphael Greenberg and Giulio Palumbi
Jaime Vives-Ferrándiz Sánchez
v
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Contents
MATERIALITY, MEMORY AND 29 Domestic and Settlement Organisation in
IDENTITY 317 Iron Age Southern France 506
Maria Carme Belarte
18 Sensuous Memory, Materiality and History:
Rethinking the ‘Rise of the Palaces’ on
LIFE AND DEATH 523
Bronze Age Crete 320
Yannis Hamilakis
30 Beyond the General and the Particular:
19 Beyond Iconography: Meaning-Making in Rethinking Death, Memory and Belonging
Late Bronze Age Eastern Mediterranean in Early Bronze Age Crete 525
Visual and Material Culture 337 Despina Catapoti
Marian H. Feldman
31 From the Nineteenth Century to
20 Changes in Perceptions of the ‘Other’ and the Twenty-First: Understanding the
Expressions of Egyptian Self-Identity in the Bronze Age Argaric Lifecourse in the
Late Bronze Age 352 Mediterranean ‘Far West’ 540
R. Gareth Roberts Sandra Montón-Subías
21 The Lure of the Artefact? The Eff ects of 32 Crossing Borders: Death and Life in Second
Acquiring Eastern Mediterranean Material Millennium BC Southern Iberia and North
Culture 367 Africa 554
Morag M. Kersel Katina T. Lillios
22 Stone Worlds: Technologies of Rock 33 An Entangled Past: Island Interactions,
Carving and Place-Making in Anatolian Mortuary Practices and the Negotiation of
Landscapes 379 Identities on Early Iron Age Cyprus 571
Ömür Harmansç ah Sarah Janes
34 The Violence of Symbols: Ideologies,
COMMUNITY AND HOUSEHOLD 395 Identity, and Cultural Interaction in Central
Italian Cemeteries 585
23 Rethinking the Late Cypriot Built Mariassunta Cuozzo
Environment: Households and
Communities as Places of Social
RITUAL AND IDEOLOGY 605
Transformation 399
Kevin D. Fisher
35 The Early Bronze Age Southern
24 Households, Hierarchies, Territories and Levant: The Ideology of an Aniconic
Landscapes in Bronze Age and Iron Age Greece 417 Reformation 609
Lin Foxhall Yuval Yekutieli
25 Connectivity Beyond the Urban 36 Ritual as the Setting for Contentious
Community in Central Italy 437 Interaction: From Social Negotiation to
Corinna Riva
Institutionalised Authority in Bronze Age
26 Long-Term Social Change in Iron Age Cyprus 619
Northern Iberia (ca. 700–200 BC) 454 Jennifer M. Webb
Joan Sanmartí
37 Cult Activities among Central and North
27 Who Lives There? Settlements, Houses and Italian Protohistoric Communities 635
Households in Iberia 471 Alessandro Guidi
Helena Bonet-Rosado and Consuelo
38 Ritual and Ideology in Early Iron Age
Mata-Parreño
Crete: The Role of the Past and the East 650
28 Landscapes and Seascapes of Southwest Mieke Prent
Iberia in the First Millennium BC 488
Alonso Rodríguez Díaz Index 665
vi
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ILLUSTRATIONS
Front Cover : Bronze boat model from north central Sardinia (Italy) with a stag’s head at the prow and quadrupeds and birds
on the gunwales. It is one of two such bronzes reportedly found accidentally in the Is Argiolas or Bonotta area of Bultei,
probably as part of an otherwise destroyed or looted hoard. The bronze model is stylistically dated to the Iron Age (ca.
ninth to eighth century BC). While there is little evidence to support the suggestion that these boat models served as oil
lamps, they are mostly found in ritual or communal contexts in both Sardinia and, to a lesser extent, the Italian mainland
(A. Depalmas 2005: L e navicelle di bronzo della Sardegna nuragica, 31, 106. Cagliari: Ettore Gasperini).
Found in 1949, this boat model is held in the National Archaeological Museum in Cagliari (Sardinia, Italy), where it is
also on display. The photo was kindly taken and made available by museum staff and is reproduced by permission of the
Italian S oprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici per le province di Cagliari e Oristano and, by extension, the Direzione Regionale per i
Beni Culturali e Paesagg istici della Sardegna and the Italian Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali. We thank the soprintendente ,
Dr. Marco Minoja, and his collaborators for their generous support.
0.1 Sea and mountains in southwest Sardinia. page 2 3.4 Flaked tabular blade. 46
1.1 Satellite image of the Aegean and its closely 3.5 View of the fortifi ed promontory of Cala Morell in
crowded islandscape. 10 Menorca. 47
1.2 Map of the Mediterranean and Europe showing 3.6 Talayot of Cornia Nou in Menorca. 51
chronological links. 12 4.1 The Sicilian archipelago. 58
1.3 Cumulative percentage of east and west 4.2 Cycles of mobility in the south-central
Mediterranean islands settled. 15 Mediterranean in the Bronze Age. 61
1.4 The confi guration of islands in the southern 4.3 EBA Aegean-Mediterranean contacts and Maltese
Aegean. 16 and Sicilian MBA pottery. 62
1.5 Proximal Point Analyses for the Early Bronze Age 4.4 Distribution of Sicilian and Maltese Bronze Age
Cyclades. 19 pottery. 64
2.1 Map of the Aegean, with main sites mentioned in 5.1 Map of the southern Tyrrhenian area. 77
text. 26 5.2 Maps of EBA and MBA sites in Sicily and Aeolian
2.2 Depas amphikypellon from Akrotiri, Thera. 28 islands. 78
2.3 Cups imported from north-central Crete to 5.3 Early Bronze Age matt-painted Castelluccio pottery
Thera. 31 from La Muculufa. 80
2.4 Local Theran imitation of Cretan shape and 5.4 Early Bronze Age Rodì-Tindari-Vallelunga pottery
decoration. 31 from Sicily. 81
2.5 Local Theran version of Cretan-type ledge-rim 5.5 Early Bronze Age Capo Graziano pottery. 83
bowl. 31 5.6 Plan of the EBA village of Capo Graziano on
2.6 LH IIIC pots from the Kamini and Aplomata Filicudi. 83
cemeteries on Naxos. 33 5.7 Middle Bronze Age Thapsos pottery. 84
3.1 Map of the Balearic Islands. 41 5.8 Middle Bronze Age handmade Thapsos pottery. 85
3.2 View of the Bronze Age village of S’Hospitalet Vell 5.9 Overview map and settlement plan of the Middle
(Majorca). 43 Bronze Age site of Thapsos. 86
3.3 Sample of prismatic and pyramidal V-perforated 5.10 Plan of the Middle Bronze Age village of Portella
buttons from Menorca. 45 on Salina. 87
vii
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Illustrations
5.11 Late Bronze Age ‘Ausonian I’ burial urns and grave 10.6 The Dipylon oinochoe. 191
goods from Milazzo. 89 11.1 Map of sites mentioned in the text. 197
5.12 View of Late Bronze Age Pantalica. 90 11.2 Wheelmade pottery from Purullena and
5.13 Section drawing of a rock-cut Late Bronze Age Montoro. 203
tholos at Sant’Angelo Muxaro. 91 11.3 Ship depiction at Laxe dos Cervos. 204
5.14 Late Bronze Age pottery from Pantalica. 92 11.4 The Villena hoard. 206
6.1 Nuraghe Ruju (Filigosa). 96 11.5 Berzocana hoard. 206
6.2 Nuraghe Serucci (Gonnesa). 97 11.6 Bronze hafted iron chisel from the Baiôes
6.3 Nuraghe Arrubiu (Orroli). 98 hoard. 207
6.4 Map of Sardinia showing fi nd spots of Aegean 11.7 Warrior stele from Cortijo de la Reina. 208
pottery. 100 11.8 Epigraphic stele from Estela de Neves II. 209
6.5 Map of Sardinia showing fi nd spots of copper 12.1 Map of major sites mentioned in the text. 217
oxhide ingots. 101 12.2 Levantine shapes from Malta. 218
6.6 Map of Sardinia showing fi nd spots of Tiryns and 12.3 Sixth-century BC k rater from Sabucina. 223
Allumiere amber beads. 103 13.1 Map of the Ionian coast of south Italy. 231
7.1 Map of Uruk and Egyptian expansions. 113 13.2 Plan of the site of L’Amastuola. 232
7.2 The Egyptian colony in the southwest Levant and 13.3 Aerial view and plan of the sites at Incoronata di
its environs. 116 Pisticci. 234
7.3 Map of Kura-Araks and related settlement. 118 13.4 Figured basin with relief friezes and Spartan krater
7.4 Markers of the Kura-Araks cultural from Incoronata di Pisticci. 236
‘package’. 119 13.5 Plans of Timpone della Motta, Francavilla
7.5 Kura-Araks cultural infl uence in the Euphrates Marittima. 237
valley. 121 13.6 Map of the southern Apennine mountains. 239
7.6 Kura-Araks cultural infl uence in the Euphrates 13.7 Torre di Satriano in Iron Age II. 240
valley. 124 13.8 Torre di Satriano: apsidal building. 241
7.7 KKW vessels (1–6) contrasted with serving vessels in 13.9 Torre di Satriano: digital reconstruction of the
the local tradition. 128 anaktoron. 241
7.8 KKW andirons and the reconstructed cooking 13.10 Torre di Satriano: matt-painted pottery from the
ensemble. 130 apsidal building. 242
8.1 Maps of sites discussed and in the Eskisç e hir 13.11 Torre di Satriano: aerial view of the a naktoron. 243
region. 141 13.12 Torre di Satriano: fragments of the raking s ima
8.2 Beak-spouted pitcher from Karatasç settlement from the a naktoron. 244
deposit. 142 13.13 Torre di Satriano: fragments from the terracotta
8.3 Reconstruction of i n situ pottery at frieze from the a naktoron . 244
Beycesultan. 144 14.1 Map of southern Canaan: the Philistine heartland
8.4 Reconstruction of a later phase of the and its periphery. 254
Demircihöyük settlement. 147 14.2 Aegean-affi liated cylindrical loomweights from
9.1 Map of Mediterranean Europe. 158 Iron Age I Philistine Ashkelon. 255
9.2 Map of the Aegean. 163 14.3 Aegean-affi liated Bichrome Philistine pottery. 257
9.3 Map of the eastern Adriatic coast. 165 14.4 Perforated cylindrical loomweights from Tel
9.4 The walls of Monkodonja. 167 Qasile. 258
9.5 Kotorac-type vessel of the Cetina culture. 168 14.5 Iron Age I pottery from Tel Beth-Shemesh. 258
10.1 Map of Greece showing principal early Iron Age 14.6 Comparative distribution of Aegean-style pottery
sites. 179 of the Bichrome phase. 259
10.2 Athenian Agora Tomb 13, plan and sections. 182 14.7 Pork consumption in contemporaneous Iron Age I
10.3 Iron weapons and other objects from Tomb 13. 183 sites. 259
10.4 Map of the Mediterranean and Black Seas. 189 15.1 Localities cited in the text. 268
10.5 Schematic family trees of the early alphabetic 15.2 House plans from Serra Orrios, and n uraghe
scripts. 190 Serucci, Gonnesa. 269
viii
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Illustrations
15.3 Selection of fi bulae from Sardinia. 271 19.5 Reconstruction of carved relief blocks at gateway
15.4 Imported bronzes. 272 of Alaca Höyük. 346
15.5 Mediterranean distribution of ZitA amphorae and 20.1 Figures from the Theban tomb of
askoid jugs. 274 Menkheperreseneb, Theban Tomb 86. 353
15.6 Distribution of Oriental bronzes and Etruscan and 20.2 Figures captioned ‘Tjekker’ from Medinet
Greek pottery. 275 Habu. 355
15.7 Sardinian b ronzetti statuettes. 276 20.3 Egypt and the eastern Mediterranean. 358
15.8 Sardinian b ronzetti statuettes and statues from 21.1 Example of a tourist (low-end collector)
Monte Prama. 276 keepsake. 368
15.9 Map of the Sinis in the eighth century BC. 277 21.2 Licensed antiquities shop, Old City, Jerusalem. 369
16.1 Limestone votive relief from Golgoi. 286 21.3 Cycladic fi gurine replica. 370
16.2 Protocorinthian pyxis with Herakles and 21.4 Early Bronze Age sites of Kavos and Dhaskalio,
Geryon. 288 Keros, Greece. 371
16.3 Fragmentary terracotta statuette of ‘Cypriote 22.1 Rock relief of Warpalawaš, I- v riz, south-central
Geryon’ from Pyrga. 288 Turkey. 380
16.4 Limestone statue of ‘Cypriote Geryon’ from 22.2 Landscape at I- v riz, south-central Turkey, with view
Golgoi. 289 of Kocaburun Kayası. 380
16.5 Limestone statuettes of ‘Cypriote Geryon’ from 22.3 Second rock relief of Warpalawaš, at I- v riz,
Golgoi. 290 Turkey. 382
16.6 Limestone relief slab of Herakles and Orthros from 22.4 Hittite rock relief at Fıraktın on the Zamantı Su
Golgoi. 290 River basin. 385
16.7 Votive bronze breastplate from the Heraion, 22.5 ‘Source of the Tigris’ (‘Tigris Tunnel’) site, Cave I
Samos. 292 entrance. 385
16.8 Limestone statue of lion-skin-clad archer (‘Cypriote- 22.6 ‘Source of the Tigris’ (‘Tigris Tunnel’) site,
Herakles’) from Golgoi. 293 Birkleyn Çay gorge. 386
16.9 Limestone votive relief with cultic scene from 22.7 Relief image of Tiglath-pileser I on Tigris Tunnel
Golgoi. 294 (Cave I) walls. 386
17.1 Map showing the main sites mentioned in the 22.8 The site of Karabur with Neo-Assyrian rock
text. 300 reliefs. 387
17.2 Metallurgical furnace from Huelva and 22.9 Karabur Neo-Assyrian rock relief near
reconstruction. 303 Antakya. 387
17.3 Hand-modelled pottery from Lixus. 304 22.10 Phrygian ‘Midas Monument’ at Yazılıkaya/Midas
17.4 Reconstruction of the ancient landscape around City. 389
Cerro del Villar. 305 23.1 Access graphs of Protohistoric Bronze Age
17.5 The settlement of La Fonteta. 306 houses. 401
17.6 View of the houses at Sa Caleta, Ibiza. 307 23.2 A nonverbal communication approach to the built
17.7 Aerial view of Empúries (Museu d’Arqueologia de environment. 401
Catalunya-Empúries). 309 23.3 Schematic plan of Episkopi B amboula Area A,
18.1 Map of Crete. 322 Stratum E. 403
18.2 Plan of the Lebena Yerokampos II tomb. 324 23.4 Schematic plan of Pyla K okkinokremos . 404
18.3 The interior of Tomb Gamma at Archanes. 324 23.5 Schematic plan of Kalavasos A yios Dhimitrios
18.4 The EM cemetery at Agia Photia. 325 Building II. 404
18.5 Plan of the Knossos ‘palace’. 333 23.6 Schematic plan of Maa P alaeokastro Building II,
19.1 Lapis lazuli cylinder seal of so-called intercultural Floor 2. 411
style, Thebes, Greece. 340 23.7 Plan of LC IIIA Enkomi. 412
19.2 Beads and ornaments of lapis lazuli and agate, 24.1 Map of the Pylos Regional Archaeological Project
Thebes, Greece. 341 (PRAP) survey area. 419
19.3 Finds from tholos tomb at Kazarma, Greece. 342 24.2 Nichoria site plan and excavation areas. 421
19.4 Drawing of temple of Seti I from Abydos. 345 24.3 Nichoria excavation units. 423
ix
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Illustrations
24.4 Maps of east Crete and Mirabello Bay sites. 426 28.4 Plan of Abul and two items from the Gaio hoard in
24.5 Chalinomouri farmhouse. 428 Sines. 4 92
24.6 Plan and location of the Chrysokamino 28.5 Miniature oxhide ingot from the El Carambolo
farmhouse. 4 29 hoard and site plan. 494
24.7 Buildings and pottery from Kavousi Vronda. 432 28.6 The Aliseda hoard from Cáceres. 496
25.1 Map of Etruria. 439 28.7 Aerial overview of the Medellín area. 497
25.2 Map of central Italy with inland sites. 444 28.8 Map of settlement distribution in the Alentejo
25.3 Map of the Tolfa Hills, southern Etruria. 445 (Portugal) and site plan. 498
26.1 Map of northern Iberia. 455 28.9 Plans of the rural elite residences at Cancho Roano
26.2 Reconstruction of the Neolithic site of Barranc and La Mata. 499
d’en Fabra. 456 29.1 Map of southern France with the location of the
26.3 Els Vilars d’Arbeca plan and view. 457 main sites. 507
26.4 Quantitative development of Mediterranean 29.2 Plan of Le Traversant. 508
pottery imports. 458 29.3 Photo of a reconstructed hut at Ruscino. 508
26.5 Quantitative evolution of diff erent categories of 29.4 Photo of the destruction layers in zone 27 at
Mediterranean imports. 458 Lattes. 509
26.6 Reconstruction of Aldovesta and aerial view of 29.5 Plan of house 1 at Gailhan. 510
Sant Jaume-Mas d’en Serrà. 458 29.6 Plan of zone 1 at Lattes during the
26.7 Plan and view of Puig de Sant Andreu, phase 1P. 511
Ullastret. 463 29.7 Photo of the destruction layers of House BI at
26.8 Map of northern Iberia. 464 Martigues. 511
26.9 Iberian inscription from Castellet de Banyoles. 464 29.8 Aerial view of Lattes. 512
26.10 Iberian stela from Palermo, Caspe. 466 29.9 Schematic plans of Lattes, Martigues and
27.1 Map of the region of Valencia showing sites Nages. 512
discussed. 472 29.10 Transformation of house 406 into house 410 at
27.2 House plans from Edeta (Tossal de San Miguel, Lattes. 513
Llíria, Valencia). 473 29.11 Plan of house 58 ABE at Pech Maho. 514
27.3 L a Bastida de les Alcusses (Moixent, 29.12 Schematic plans of protohistoric courtyard houses
Valencia). 4 74 in southern France. 515
27.4 Painted vase from Edeta (Tossal de San Miguel, 29.13 Virtual reconstruction of courtyard houses at
Llíria, Valencia). 475 Lattes. 516
27.5 House plans from Kelin (Caudete de los Fuentes, 30.1 Map of Early Bronze Age funerary sites. 529
Valencia). 476 30.2 Adding rooms to the original unit: house
27.6 House plans from La Bastida de les Alcusses tombs. 531
(Moixent, Valencia). 477 30.3 Adding rooms to the original unit: t holos
27.7 Artist’s impression of La Bastida de les Alcusses tombs. 531
(Moixent, Valencia). 479 30.4 Pithos and L arnax burials, T holos E at
27.8 Aerial photo and plan of El Castellet de Bernabé Archanes. 532
(Lliría, Valencia). 481 30.5 Tholoi associated with enclosure walls and/or
27.9 Plans of El Puntal dels Llops (Olocau, paved areas. 534
Valencia). 482 31.1 Map of El Argar culture. 541
27.10 Plans of Rambla de la Alcantarilla and El Zoquete 31.2 View of the Argaric site of Fuente Álamo
(Requena, Valencia). 483 (Almería). 542
28.1 Overview map of Phoenician and Tartessian 31.3 Grave goods from tomb 9 in Fuente Álamo. 543
settlement in southwest Iberia. 489 31.4 Cranial traumatism from the Argaric site of
28.2 Reconstructed paleogeography of the Bay of Castellón Alto. 544
Cádiz. 490 31.5 Burnished Argaric pottery. 545
28.3 Finds from La Joya and map of routes between 31.6 Vessel of substandard fi nish found at the
Huelva and Gadir. 491 Argaric site of Cerro de la Encina. 547
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