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The Cambridge History of the Napoleonic Wars: Volume 3, Experience, Culture and Memory PDF

688 Pages·2022·9.816 MB·English
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the cambridge history of THE NAPOLEONIC WARS VolumeIIIofTheCambridgeHistoryoftheNapoleonicWarsmoves awayfromthebattlefieldtoexplorebroaderquestionsofsociety andculture.Leadingscholarsfromaroundtheglobeshowhow theconflictleftitsmarkonvirtuallyeveryaspectofsociety.They reflect on the experience of the soldiers who fought in them, examiningsuchmattersasmilitarymorale,ideasofhonourand masculinity,thetreatmentofwoundsandthefateofprisonersof war;andthey exploresocialissues suchas therole ofcivilians, women’s experience, trans-border encounters and the roots of armedresistance.Theyalsodemonstratehowtheexperienceof war was inextricably linked to empire and the wider world. Individual chapters discuss the depiction of the Wars in literature and the arts and their lasting impact on European culture. The volume concludes by examining the memory of theWarsandtheirlegacyforthenineteenth-centuryworld. ALAN FORREST is Emeritus Professor of Modern History at the UniversityofYork.HispreviouspublicationsincludeNapoleon’sMen: TheSoldiersoftheRevolutionandEmpire(2002),TheLegacyoftheFrench Revolutionary Wars: The Nation-in-Arms in French Republican Memory (2009), Napoleon (2011), Waterloo (2015), and The Death of the French Atlantic:Trade,WarandSlaveryintheAgeofRevolution(2020).Heisco- editor,withMatthiasMiddell,ofTheRoutledgeCompaniontotheFrench RevolutioninWorldHistory(2016). PETER HICKS is International Affairs Manager at the Fondation Napoléon, Paris, and Lecturer, Institut Catholique des Études Supérieures, La Roche s/Yon. His previous publications include Emmanuel de Las Cases, Le Mémorial de Sainte Hélène: Le manuscrit retrouvé, critical edition with presentation and commentary, with Thierry Lentz, François Houdecek and Chantal Prévot (2017), and The Napoleonic Empire and the New European Political Culture, with MichaelBroersandAgustinGuimerá(2012). the cambridge history of THE NAPOLEONIC WARS GeneralEditor AlanForrest,UniversityofYork TheCambridgeHistoryoftheNapoleonicWarsisadefinitivehistory of the Napoleonic Wars drawing on a wealth of modern scholarship and leading expertise in the field. It offers a comprehensive account of the Wars from their origins in eighteenth-century diplomacy to the memory and political legacy they left behind. The three volumes cover the grand strategies of the combatants, the campaigns they fought and the composition of the forces at their disposal; they analyse their conflicting ideologies, alliances and diplomacy, and the varieties of resistance and occupation; and they assess their legacy for future generations. They challenge conventional assumptions about the nature of war in the period and apply methodologies derived from social and cultural history as well asfromthenewmilitaryhistoryofrecentyears.Thesevolumes takefullaccountofthelatestresearchandpresentahistoryofthe NapoleonicWarsforthetwenty-firstcentury. VolumeI PoliticsandDiplomacy editedbymichaelbroersandphilipdwyer VolumeII FightingtheNapoleonicWars editedbybrunocolsonandalexandermikaberidze VolumeIII Experience,CultureandMemory editedbyalanforrestandpeterhicks THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF THE NAPOLEONIC WARS * VOLUME III Experience, Culture and Memory * Editedby ALAN FORREST UniversityofYork PETER HICKS FondationNapoléon,Paris UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom OneLibertyPlaza,20thFloor,NewYork,NY10006,USA 477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,VIC3207,Australia 314–321,3rdFloor,Plot3,SplendorForum,JasolaDistrictCentre, NewDelhi–110025,India 103PenangRoad,#05–06/07,VisioncrestCommercial,Singapore238467 CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781108417679 DOI:10.1017/9781108278119 ©CambridgeUniversityPress2022 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2022 PrintedintheUnitedKingdombyTJBooksLtd,PadstowCornwall AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. Three-volumesetISBN 978-1-108-22691-2Hardback VolumeIISBN 978-1-108-42437-0Hardback VolumeIIISBN 978-1-108-41766-2Hardback VolumeIIIISBN 978-1-108-41767-9Hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof URLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. Contents ListofFigures pageix ListofMaps xii ListofContributorstoVolumeIII xiii IntroductiontoVolumeIII 1 alan forrest and peter hicks part i THE EXPERIENCE OF WAR 7 1.TheSoldiers’ExperienceofWar 9 leighton s. james 2.MilitaryValues:HeroismandMasculinity 30 michael j. hughes 3.MilitaryMedicine 50 martin r. howard 4.WomenandtheHomeFront 73 catriona kennedy 5.PrisonersofWar 93 elodie duche´ v Contents part ii THE EXPERIENCE OF IMPERIAL RULE 115 6.BlockadeandEconomicWarfare 117 katherine aaslestad 7.CrossingBorders:EncounterswiththeOther 142 mike rapport 8.PopularResistance:TheCaseofNapoleonicItaly 162 michael broers 9.Collaboration:TheCaseoftheDuchyofWarsaw 181 jarosław czubaty 10.MilitaryResistance:Desertion 201 alan forrest 11.Liberation:MythandRealityinGermany 220 ute planert part iii WAR, CULTURE AND MEMORY 239 12.MemoirsandtheCommunicationofMemory 241 philip dwyer and matilda greig 13.Festivals,CeremoniesandPublicCommemorations 260 philip dwyer 14.ThePortrayalofHeroism 279 richard taws 15.TheFineArtsandtheNapoleonicWars 302 david o’brien 16.PoetsandNovelists:WritingtheMemoryofWar 328 philip shaw vi Contents 17.PoliticalKeyboardMusicinRevolutionaryandNapoleonicFrance: ‘TheBattle’ 347 peter hicks 18.TheNapoleonicWarsinCaricature 373 pascal dupuy 19.TheNapoleonicWarsinEuropeanCinema 395 wolfgang koller 20.Nostalgia,oraRuinwithaView 417 peter fritzsche part iv THE AFTERMATH AND LEGACY OF THE WARS 433 21.Demobilisation,VeteransandCivilSocietyaftertheEmpire inFrance 435 natalie petiteau 22.Women,theNationandtheCollectiveMemory oftheNapoleonicWars 451 karen hagemann 23.Jomini,ClausewitzandtheTheoryofWar 475 hew strachan 24.TheLegacyofCounter-revolution: ConservativeIdeologyandLegitimisminFrance 494 ambrogio a. caiani 25.Bonapartism 512 robert alexander 26.TheLegacyoftheWarsfortheInternationalSystem 532 beatrice de graaf 27.TheDislocationoftheGlobalHispanicWorld 550 graciela iglesias-rogers vii Contents 28.GlobalEmpire:Britain’sCentury,1815–1914 568 gregory fremont-barnes 29.TheNapoleonicWarsandRealmsofMemoryinEurope 588 nicoletta marini d’armenia and luigi mascilli migliorini BibliographicEssays 610 Index 646 viii Figures 3.1 Larrey’sflyingambulance(Lesuniformesdu1erEmpire.Lestransports duServicedesanté.AmbulancesvolantesdeLarrey.Voiturelégère enaction–1805).Source:CultureClub/HultonArchiveviaGettyImages. page57 3.2 BritishregimentalsurgeonsdressthewoundedattheBattleofFuentes deOñoroin1811.Twosoldiers,probablybandsmen,carryanimprovised stretcher.Theartist,ThomasStauntonStClair,servedasaninfantry officerinthePeninsularWar.Source:HultonArchive/Stringervia GettyImages. 59 3.3 LarreyamputatesthearmofCaptainRebsamenattheBattleofHanau in1813.Source:©MuséeduServicedesantédesarmées,Val-de-Grâce,Paris. 66 3.4 TyphusvictimsatMainz,1813.Source:WellcomeCollection,Wellcome Libraryno.5448i. 68 5.1 Boneyandhisarmyinwinterquarters(Ansell,1807).Source: AnneS.K.BrownMilitaryCollection,NapoleonicSatires,Brown UniversityLibrary. 94 6.1 Burninggoods,1810.Source:HamburgStaatsarchiv. 123 6.2 Leipzigtollinspectors,1806.ChristianG.H.Geißler,Leipzige Kriegs-Sceneno.3.DiefranzösischenSoldatenuntersuchenamThor, obkeineEnglischeWaarenhinausgebrachtwerden,Leipzig1824. Source:MuseumofCityHistory,LeipzigGeiIII/14a. 137 14.1 JohannBaptistSeele,ThePassageoftheDevil’sBridgeatSaintGotthard,1799, Staatsgalerie,Stuttgart.Source:Josse/Leemage/CorbisHistoricalviaGetty Images. 289 14.2 BertrandAndrieuandAndréGalle,Batailled’Iéna,1806,medal,4.1cm diameter.Source:MuséeCarnavalet,Paris. 291 14.3 Denis-Auguste-MarieRaffet,LaRevueNocturne,1836,lithograph,20x27.2cm. Source:SepiaTimes/UniversalImagesGroupviaGettyImages. 297 14.4 Unknown(likelyErwinHanfstaengl),Fabry,MaréchaldeLogis,Sergeant1st Hussars,1811–14(actuallyadjutant,sous-officierorwarrantofficer), late1850s–early1860s,sepiaphotographmountedoncard,25x31.5cm. Source:AnneS.K.BrownMilitaryCollection,BrownUniversityLibrary. 300 15.1 Antoine-JeanGros,TheBattleofNazareth,1801.Oiloncanvas,135x195cm. Nantes,MuséedesBeaux-Arts.Source:BridgemanImages. 305 ix ListofFigures 15.2 Antoine-JeanGros,BonaparteVisitingthePlague-strickeninJaffa,1804. Oiloncanvas,532x720cm.Paris,MuséeduLouvre.Source:Josse/ Leemage/CorbisHistoricalviaGettyImages. 306 15.3 Antoine-JeanGros,NapoleonVisitingtheBattlefieldofEylautheMorningafter theBattle,1808.Oiloncanvas,521x784cm.Paris,MuséeduLouvre. Source:DEA/G.DagliOrti/DeAgostiniviaGettyImages. 308 15.4 FrançoisLejeune,TheBattleofMarengo,1802.Oiloncanvas,180x250cm. Versailles,MuséeNationalduChâteau.Source:HeritageImages/Hulton FineArtCollectionviaGettyImages. 309 15.5 JohnFlaxman,MonumenttoLordNelson,1808–18.Marble.London, StPaul’sCathedral.ReproducedcourtesyofConwayLibrary,Courtauld InstituteofArt,London.Source:HultonArchive/StringerviaGettyImages. 314 15.6 CasparDavidFriedrich,ChasseurintheForest,1814.Oiloncanvas,66x47cm. Source:Privatecollection. 316 15.7 WilhelmvonKobell,TheBattleofWagram,1814.Oiloncanvas,204x323cm. Munich,ResidenzMuseum.Source:ResidenzMuseum. 319 15.8 FranciscodeGoyayLucientes,TheSecondofMay,1808,1814.Oilon canvas,268x347cm.Madrid,MuseoNacionaldelPrado.Source:Universal HistoryArchive/UniversalImagesGroupviaGettyImages. 321 15.9 FranciscodeGoyayLucientes,TheThirdofMay,1808,1814.Oiloncanvas, 268x347cm.Madrid,MuseoNacionaldelPrado.Source:UniversalHistory Archive/UniversalImagesGroupviaGettyImages. 322 15.10 FranciscodeGoyayLucientes,Plate39fromTheDisastersofWar:Great Deeds!WithDeadMen!c.1810(published1863).Plate:15.5×20.5cm;sheet: 25.1×34.3cm.NewYork,MetropolitanMuseumofArt.Purchase,Rogers FundandJacobH.SchiffBequest,1922.Source:HeritageImages/Hulton ArchiveviaGettyImages. 324 17.1 AttributedtoLouis-LéopoldBoilly,‘Musiquedechambre’.Source: ©RMN-GrandPalais/René-GabrielOjéda,Bayonne. 354 17.2 BernardViguérie,‘BatailledeMaringo’[sic],1800.Source:Author’scollection. 356 17.3 Jacques-MarieBeauvarlet-Charpentier,‘Batailled’Austerlitz’,1806.Source: Author’scollection. 360 17.4 BernardViguérie,‘BatailledeMaringo’[sic],1800.Source:Author’scollection. 361 17.5 DanielSteibelt,‘Lajournéed’Ulm’,1805.Source:Author’scollection. 362 17.6 Viguérie,‘Maringo’,detail.Source:Author’scollection. 364 17.7 Viguérie,‘Maringo’,detail.Source:Author’scollection. 364 17.8 Viguérie,‘Maringo’,detail.Source:Author’scollection. 365 17.9 Beauvarlet-Charpentier,‘Batailled’Austerlitz’,detail.Source:Author’s collection. 367 17.10 TheRussianeditionofSteibelt’s‘TheConflagrationofMoscow’.Source: Author’scollection. 371 18.1 Anonymous,Mackàbout,BodleianLibraryCurzonb.02(076). Source:CreativeCommons. 377 x

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