The Cambridge History of Science: Volume 7, The Modern Social Sciences: Modern Social Sciences Vol 7 PDF
Preview The Cambridge History of Science: Volume 7, The Modern Social Sciences: Modern Social Sciences Vol 7
THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF SCIENCE volume 7 TheModernSocialSciences Volume7ofTheCambridgeHistoryofScienceprovidesahistoryofthecon- cepts,practices,institutions,andideologiesofthesocialsciences(including behavioralandeconomicsciences)sincetheeighteenthcentury.Theauthors offer original, synthetic accounts of the historical development of social knowledge,includingitsphilosophicalassumptions,itssocialandintellectual organization, and its relations to science, medicine, politics, bureaucracy, religion, and the professions. The 43 chapters include inquiries into the genres and traditions that formed social science, the careers of the main socialdisciplines(psychology,economics,sociology,anthropology,political science,geography,history,andstatistics),andinternationalessaysonsocial scienceinEasternEurope,Asia,Africa,andLatinAmerica.Thevolumealso features essays examining the involvement of the social sciences in gov- ernment, business, education, culture, and social policy. This is a broad culturalhistoryofsocialsciencethatanalyzestheparticipationofthesocial disciplines in the making of the modern world. The contributors, world leadersintheirrespectivespecialities,engagewithcurrenthistoriographical andmethodologicalcontroversiesandstakeoutpositionsoftheirown. TheodoreM.PorterisProfessoroftheHistoryofScienceintheDepartment ofHistoryattheUniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles.Heistheauthorof TheRiseofStatisticalThinking,1820–1900(1986)andTrustinNumbers:The Pursuit of Objectivity in Science and Public Life (1995) and coauthor of The EmpireofChance:HowProbabilityChangedScienceandEverydayLife(1989). DorothyRossistheArthurO.LovejoyProfessorofHistoryatJohnsHopkins University. She is the author of G. Stanley Hall: The Psychologist as Prophet (1972) and The Origins of American Social Science (1991) and editor of ModernistImpulsesintheHumanSciences,1870–1930(1994). Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF SCIENCE Generaleditors DavidC.LindbergandRonaldL.Numbers volume 1: AncientScience EditedbyAlexanderJones volume 2: MedievalScience EditedbyDavidC.LindbergandMichaelH.Shank volume 3: EarlyModernScience EditedbyLorraineJ.DastonandKatharinePark volume 4: Eighteenth-CenturyScience EditedbyRoyPorter volume 5: TheModernPhysicalandMathematicalSciences EditedbyMaryJoNye volume 6: TheModernBiologicalandEarthSciences EditedbyPeterBowlerandJohnPickstone volume 7: TheModernSocialSciences EditedbyTheodoreM.PorterandDorothyRoss volume 8: ModernScienceinNationalandInternationalContext EditedbyDavidN.LivingstoneandRonaldL.Numbers David C. Lindberg is Hilldale Professor Emeritus of the History of Science at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He has written or edited a dozen booksontopicsinthehistoryofmedievalandearlymodernscience,including The Beginnings of Western Science (1992). He and Ronald L. Numbers have previouslycoeditedGodandNature:HistoricalEssaysontheEncounterbetween ChristianityandScience(1986)andWhenScienceandChristianityMeet(2003). AFellowoftheAmericanAcademyofArtsandSciences,hehasbeenarecipient oftheSartonMedaloftheHistoryofScienceSociety,ofwhichheisalsopast- president(1994–5). RonaldL.NumbersisHilldaleandWilliamColemanProfessoroftheHistory of Science and Medicine at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where he has taught since 1974. A specialist in the history of science and medicine in America, he has written or edited more than two dozen books, including The Creationists (1992) and Darwinism Comes to America (1998). A Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and a former editor of Isis, the flagship journal of the history of science, he has served as the president of both the American Society of Church History (1999–2000) and the History ofScienceSociety(2000–1). Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF SCIENCE volume 7 The Modern Social Sciences Editedby THEODORE M. PORTER DOROTHY ROSS Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 publishedbythepresssyndicateoftheuniversityofcambridge ThePittBuilding,TrumpingtonStreet,Cambridge,UnitedKingdom cambridgeuniversitypress TheEdinburghBuilding,Cambridgecb22ru,uk 40West20thStreet,NewYork,ny10011-4211,usa 477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,vic3207,Australia RuizdeAlarco´n13,28014Madrid,Spain DockHouse,TheWaterfront,CapeTown8001,SouthAfrica http://www.cambridge.org (cid:2)C CambridgeUniversityPress2003 Thisbookisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithout thewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2003 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica TypefaceAdobeGaramond10.75/12.5pt. SystemLATEX2ε [tb] AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData (Revisedforvolume7) TheCambridgehistoryofscience p. cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindexes. Contents:–v.4.Eighteenth-centuryscience/editedbyRoyPorter v.5.Themodernphysicalandmathematicalsciences/editedbyMaryJoNye v.7.Themodernsocialsciences/editedbyTheodoreM.PorterandDorothyRoss isbn0-521-57243-6(v.4) isbn0-521-57199-5(v.5) isbn0-521-59442-1(v.7) 1.Science–History. i.Lindberg,DavidC. ii.Numbers,RonaldL. q125c32 2001 509–dc21 2001025311 isbn0521594421hardback Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 CONTENTS NotesonContributors pagexvii GeneralEditors’Preface xxiii Acknowledgments xxvii 1 Introduction:WritingtheHistoryofSocialScience 1 theodore m. porter and dorothy ross PART I. SCIENCES OF THE SOCIAL TO THE LATE NINETEENTH CENTURY 2 GenresandObjectsofSocialInquiry,fromthe Enlightenmentto1890 13 theodore m. porter The“SciencesofMan”intheEarlyModernPeriod 14 EnlightenmentSciencesofEconomy,Population,andState 16 EnlightenmentSciencesofMinds,Bodies,andCultures 20 SocialScienceinanAgeofRevolution,1789–1830 22 TheManagementofSocialandEconomicChange,1830–1880 26 NaturalismandAnti-naturalisminSocialScience 33 DisciplinedInterventions:ProfessionalsandReformers 38 3 SocialThoughtandNaturalScience 40 johan heilbron NaturalismandMoralPhilosophy 40 NaturalScienceandSocialThought 42 TheScientificModelofMoralandPoliticalTheory 43 PhysicalandPhysiologicalModels 45 EvolutionaryThought 50 ADifferentialEpistemology 52 CulturalismandSocialScience 55 vii Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 viii Contents 4 Cause,Teleology,andMethod 57 stephen turner TwoModelsofLaw 58 TeleologyduringtheEnlightenment 60 TheReplacementofTeleology 61 TeleologyinItsManyForms 64 TheOrganicAnalogy 65 DecisionandIntentionality:WeberandtheMarginalists 67 ThePersistenceofTeleology 69 5 UtopianSocialismandSocialScience 71 antoine picon TheEnlightenmentLegacy 72 TheProphetsofaNewGoldenAge 74 Classes,History,andSocialScience 75 TowardaReligionofHumanity 77 ReshapingEducation,Family,andSexuality 78 SocialExperimentsandFailures 80 6 SocialSurveysintheEighteenthandNineteenth Centuries 83 eileen janes yeo PopulationSurveys,AncientandModern 84 SocialStatisticsandThoroughgoingEnthusiasm,1830–1850 87 SomeEpisodesofContestation 90 MidcenturyExpertiseandtheWorkingClasses 93 InternationalCompetition/InternationalComparison, 1880–1915 95 WomenandSocialSurveys 96 ProfessionalizationversusCommunitySelf-Study 98 7 ScientificEthnographyandTravel,1750 1850 100 harry liebersohn NetworksofKnowledge 101 NarrativesofKnowledge 104 ComparativeMethods 108 8 HistoryandHistoricism 113 johnson kent wright TheEighteenthCentury:Preconditions 114 TheRankeanRevolution:ClassicalHistoricism 120 TheLaterNineteenthCentury:DiffusionandDevelopment 124 9 BringingthePsycheintoScientificFocus 131 jan goldstein ThePreeminenceofSensationalistPsychology 133 TheMesmericCounterpoint 139 ThePsychologicalPlayingFieldaccordingtoAugusteComte 142 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Contents ix CousinianPsychologyinEuropeanContext 143 ThePersistenceofSensationalism:AssociationistPsychology inNineteenth-CenturyBritain 146 Phrenology:APsychefortheMasses 149 10 Continental Political Economy from the Physiocrats totheMarginalRevolution 154 keith tribe E´conomiepolitiqueastheNaturalLawofConduct 155 Jean-BaptisteSay:EconomyandGovernment 162 FromHumanNeedstotheFormationofPrices 164 FromClassicismtoNeoclassicism 167 11 BritishEconomicTheoryfromLocketoMarshall 171 margaret schabas TheEighteenthCentury 172 PopulationandEconomicScarcity 175 ClassicalPoliticalEconomy 176 JohnStuartMill 179 TheMarginalRevolution 180 12 MarxandMarxism 183 terrell carver Wissenschaft 183 Synthesis 185 Critique 187 Practice 190 Method 193 Science 195 Theory 197 Renewal 201 PART II. THE DISCIPLINES IN WESTERN EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA SINCE ABOUT 1880 13 ChangingContoursoftheSocialScienceDisciplines 205 dorothy ross DisciplinaryFormation,1870–1914 208 BetweenScienceandtheHumanities 214 TheSocialSciencesbetweentheWars 218 CrossingBordersinInterwarSocialScience 224 SocialScienceinAscendancy,1945–1970 229 TheSocialScienceProjectChallenged,1970–2000 234 14 StatisticsandStatisticalMethods 238 theodore m. porter EstimationandError 239 StatisticalModelsofRegularityandVariation 240 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
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