The Cambridge History of Science: Volume 6, The Modern Biological and Earth Sciences PDF
Preview The Cambridge History of Science: Volume 6, The Modern Biological and Earth Sciences
P1:KAE 9780521572019pre CUUS457/Bowler 9780521572019 February11,2009 19:7 THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF SCIENCE volume 6 TheModernBiologicalandEarthSciences ThisvolumeinthehighlyrespectedCambridgeHistoryofScienceisdevoted tothehistoryofthelifeandearthsciencessince1800.Itprovidescomprehen- siveandauthoritativesurveysofhistoricalthinkingonmajordevelopments in these areas of science, on the social and cultural milieus in which the knowledge was generated, and on the wider impact of the major theoreti- cal and practical innovations. The chapters were written by acknowledged expertswhoprovideconciseaccountsofthelatesthistoricalthinkingcoupled withguidestothemostimportantrecentliterature.Inadditiontohistories oftraditionalsciences,thevolumecoverstheemergenceofnewerdisciplines suchasgenetics,biochemistry,andgeophysics.Theinteractionofscientific techniques with their practical applications in areas such as medicine is a major focus of the book, as is its coverage of controversial areas such as scienceandreligionaswellasenvironmentalism. Peter J. Bowler isProfessor of the History of Science atQueen’s University inBelfast.HewaspresidentoftheBritishSocietyfortheHistoryofScience from2004to2006andisamemberoftheRoyalIrishAcademyandaFellow oftheBritishAcademyandtheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancement ofScience.Heistheauthorofnumerousbooks,includingCharlesDarwin: TheManandHisInfluence,publishedbyCambridgein1996. JohnV.PickstoneisWellcomeResearchProfessoratManchesterUniversity, where he founded the Centre for the History of Science, Technology and Medicineanddirectedituntil2002.Hehaspublishednumerousbooksand articles,includingNewWaysofKnowing:ANewHistoryofScience,Technology andMedicine(2000)andSurgeons,ManufacturersandPatients:ATransatlantic HistoryoftheTotalHipReplacement(2007),coauthoredwithJulieAnderson andFrancisNeary. Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 i P1:KAE 9780521572019pre CUUS457/Bowler 9780521572019 February11,2009 19:7 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 ii P1:KAE 9780521572019pre CUUS457/Bowler 9780521572019 February11,2009 19:7 THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF SCIENCE Generaleditors DavidC.LindbergandRonaldL.Numbers volume 1: AncientScience EditedbyAlexanderJonesandLibaChaiaTaub volume 2: MedievalScience EditedbyDavidC.LindbergandMichaelH.Shank volume 3: EarlyModernScience EditedbyKatharineParkandLorraineDaston volume 4: Eighteenth-CenturyScience EditedbyRoyPorter volume 5: TheModernPhysicalandMathematicalSciences EditedbyMaryJoNye volume 6: TheModernBiologicalandEarthSciences EditedbyPeterJ.BowlerandJohnV.Pickstone volume 7: TheModernSocialSciences EditedbyTheodoreM.PorterandDorothyRoss volume 8: ModernScienceinNationalandInternationalContext EditedbyDavidN.LivingstoneandRonaldL.Numbers DavidC.LindbergisHilldaleProfessorEmeritusoftheHistoryofScienceand pastdirectoroftheInstituteforResearchintheHumanitiesattheUniversityof Wisconsin–Madison.Hehaswrittenoreditedadozenbooksontopicsinthe historyofmedievalandearlymodernscience,includingTheBeginningsofWest- ernScience(1992).HeandRonaldL.NumbershavepreviouslycoeditedGod andNature:HistoricalEssaysontheEncounterbetweenChristianityandScience (1986)andWhenScienceandChristianityMeet(2003).AFellowoftheAmeri- canAcademyofArtsandSciences,hehasbeenarecipientoftheSartonMedal oftheHistoryofScienceSociety,ofwhichheisalsopastpresident(1994–5). RonaldL.NumbersisHilldaleProfessoroftheHistoryofScienceandMedicine at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where he has taught since 1974. A specialist in the history of science and medicine in the United States, he haswrittenoreditedmorethantwodozenbooks,includingTheCreationists (1992,2006),ScienceandChristianityinPulpitandPew(2007),andtheforth- coming Science and the Americans. A Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and a former editor of Isis, the flagship journal of the history of science, he has served as the president of the American Society of Church History (1999–2000), the History of Science Society (2000–1), and the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science/Division ofHistoryofScienceandTechnology(2005–9). Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 iii P1:KAE 9780521572019pre CUUS457/Bowler 9780521572019 February11,2009 19:7 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 iv P1:KAE 9780521572019pre CUUS457/Bowler 9780521572019 February11,2009 19:7 THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF SCIENCE volume 6 The Modern Biological and Earth Sciences Editedby PETER J. BOWLER JOHN V. PICKSTONE Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 v P1:KAE 9780521572019pre CUUS457/Bowler 9780521572019 February11,2009 19:7 cambridgeuniversitypress Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown,Singapore,Sa˜oPaulo,Delhi CambridgeUniversityPress 32AvenueoftheAmericas,NewYork,ny10013-2473,usa www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9780521572019 (cid:2)C CambridgeUniversityPress2009 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2009 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica AcatalogrecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData (Revisedforvolume6) TheCambridgehistoryofscience p. cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindexes. Contents:–v.3.Earlymodernscience/editedbyKatharineParkandLorraineDaston v.4.Eighteenth-centuryscience/editedbyRoyPorter v.5.Themodernphysicalandmathematicalsciences/editedbyMaryJoNye v.6.Themodernbiologicalandearthsciences/editedbyPeterJ.Bowler andJohnV.Pickstone v.7.Themodernsocialsciences/editedbyTheodoreH.PorterandDorothyRoss 1.Science–History. I.Lindberg,DavidC. II.Numbers,RonaldL. q125c32 2001 509–dc21 2001025311 isbn 978-0-521-57201-9hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceor accuracyofurlsforexternalorthird-partyInternetWebsitesreferredtoin thispublicationanddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchWebsitesis, orwillremain,accurateorappropriate.Informationregardingprices,travel timetables,andotherfactualinformationgiveninthisworkarecorrectat thetimeoffirstprinting,butCambridgeUniversityPressdoesnotguarantee theaccuracyofsuchinformationthereafter. Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 vi P1:KAE 9780521572019pre CUUS457/Bowler 9780521572019 February11,2009 19:7 CONTENTS ListofIllustrations page xv NotesonContributors xvii GeneralEditors’Preface xxv 1 Introduction 1 peter j. bowler and john v. pickstone PART I. WORKERS AND PLACES 2 AmateursandProfessionals 15 david e. allen ThePreprofessionalEra 15 CategorizingtheAmateurs 18 TheCultureofCollecting 21 Academicization 23 AttemptedAdaptations 27 InternalSalvation 30 Convergence 32 3 DiscoveryandExploration 34 roy macleod LinkingUniverses 36 ScienceandtheExpansionofEurope 39 UniversalKnowledge:Humboldt’sCosmos 43 ScienceandNationalGlory 45 ScienceandInternationalism 52 LookingAhead 57 vii Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 P1:KAE 9780521572019pre CUUS457/Bowler 9780521572019 February11,2009 19:7 viii Contents 4 Museums 60 mary p. winsor Museumsto1792 61 TheParisModel,1793–1809 62 ImpactoftheParisModel,1810–1859 64 TheMuseumMovement,1860–1901 67 DioramasandDiversity,1902–1990 73 5 FieldStationsandSurveys 76 keith r. benson SurveysinNature 78 FieldStations 84 6 Universities 90 jonathan harwood AMapoftheChangingTerrain 91 ThePowerofPatrons 95 TheConsequencesofInstitutionalLocation 102 Conclusion 106 7 GeologicalIndustries 108 paul lucier MiningSchools 109 GovernmentSurveys 111 PrivateSurveys 118 IndustrialScience 120 GeologyandIndustry 123 8 ThePharmaceuticalIndustries 126 john p. swann InfluencefromAlkaloidsandtheDyestuffIndustry 127 ImpactofBiologicalMedicines 130 PoliticalandLegalElements 131 IndustryversusProfessionalPharmacy 132 WarasaCatalysttoIndustrialDevelopment 133 IndustrialGrowthandtheRoleofResearch 136 RegulatingtheIndustry 137 ConsolidatingtheIndustry 139 9 PublicandEnvironmentalHealth 141 michael worboys 1800–1890:TheHealthofTowns 142 1890–1950:TheHealthofNations 150 1950–2000:WorldHealth 157 Conclusion 162 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 P1:KAE 9780521572019pre CUUS457/Bowler 9780521572019 February11,2009 19:7 Contents ix PART II. ANALYSIS AND EXPERIMENTATION 10 Geology 167 mott t. greene Stratigraphy:TheBasicActivityofGeology 171 MountainsandMovement 174 IceAgesandSecularCoolingoftheEarth 178 AgeandInternalStructureoftheEarth 179 EconomicGeology 181 GeologyintheTwentiethCentury 182 11 Paleontology 185 ronald rainger Cuvier,Extinction,andStratigraphy 186 PaleontologyandProgress 188 PaleontologyandEvolution 190 PaleontologyandModernDarwinism 197 PaleontologyandBiogeography 200 MuseumsandPaleontology 201 12 Zoology 205 mario a. di gregorio TheNaturalSystemandNaturalTheology 206 ThePhilosophicalNaturalists 208 TheTriumphofTypology 211 FromDarwintoEvolutionaryTypology 214 TensionswithinEvolutionism 218 IntotheTwentiethCentury 221 13 Botany 225 eugene cittadino BeyondLinnaeus:SystematicsandPlantGeography 227 BotanicalGardens 231 The“NewBotany” 233 LinkingFieldandLaboratory,TheoryandPractice 237 14 Evolution 243 jonathan hodge TheInfluenceofBuffonandLinnaeus 244 Lamarck:TheDirectandIndirectProductionbyNatureofAll LivingBodies 246 AfterCuvier,Oken,andLamarck 249 Darwin:TheTreeofLifeandNaturalSelection 252 AfterDarwin 256 EvolutionaryBiologysinceMendelism 259 Conclusion:ControversiesandContexts 263 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 P1:KAE 9780521572019pre CUUS457/Bowler 9780521572019 February11,2009 19:7 x Contents 15 Anatomy,Histology,andCytology 265 susan c. lawrence Anatomy:HumansandAnimals 267 HumanAnatomy 268 ComparativeAnatomy 270 TissuesandCells 274 TheCellTheory 275 Histology 279 Ultrastructure 282 Conclusion 284 16 Embryology 285 nick hopwood MakingEmbryology 287 HistoriesofDevelopment 291 EmbryosasAncestors 294 ExperimentandDescription 298 Organizers,Gradients,andFields 304 Embryos,Cells,Genes,andMolecules 308 EmbryologyandReproduction 312 17 Microbiology 316 olga amsterdamska Speciation,Classification,andtheInfusoria 317 Wine,Life,andPolitics:Pasteur’sStudiesofFermentation 320 TheBacteriologicalRevolution 323 InstitutionalizationofBacteriology 328 BetweenProtozoologyandTropicalDiseases 331 BacteriologybetweenBotany,Chemistry,andAgriculture 333 MicrobiologybetweentheBrewingIndustryand (Bio)chemistry 335 GeneticsofMicroorganismsandMolecularBiology 337 Conclusions 340 18 Physiology 342 richard l. kremer FoundationalNarratives 342 NewerNarratives 351 TheDisappearanceofPhysiology? 358 19 Pathology 367 russell c. maulitz Pathology’sPrehistory 369 FirstTransition:TissuePathology 371 SecondTransition:CellularPathology 374 ThirdTransition:ClinicalPathology 375 PopularForensicPathology 378 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
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