The Cambridge History of Latin America, Volume 7: Latin America since 1930: Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean

614 Pages·1990·29.21 MB·English

by  Leslie Bethell

554 The Caribbean
Haitian population. Estime ke orbup he trt opxe-ananably oponom of
rd adnatSit urFnd agave ns oissecnocto is hs, retroppusut bthe rytsudni
declined y. llacitamarded zied nan gaHe agarmrbsm uiiond rotuiocotusnae
on itarbelecof the ry anetnecibof e. cnirP-ua-troPHe ed ganamto aderps
some state ge anortapnd oyeb he tll amselite, ly tsedom ng ivorpmi het
position of the ck alb middle ss alc in is h me oh nt emtraped of het
Artibonite nd ain e. cnirP-ua-troPIt as en ebhed tamitseat htby 1950 this
ss alcnumbered almost 40,000 in the capital, or er tra auof qits popula-
tion. Estime had, r, evewohed zinogatnant atrexoigproupls; es mian gebto
ze inagroin the Dominican Republic wirt th olo om nd lpijuaprrTuwhenfs
Estime attempt to change the constitution so as to ow lland ocea srm etof
e, ciffo he ed kovorpa ry atilimcoup by the me aste arivmuirt- d,uavaL
lt eveLnd aMagloire - who ad ed hhct.toapcsesdeL
This coup nd aits el uqesnt eserpete rarea pseadttempt by the elite to
rt essaerits hegemony. re iolgaM(1950-6) as ly eviwtceffehe tle osi-dnac
te aor dfthe cy nediserpin 1950 nd ais helection ed las iahwby he tssenisub
community nd a the ch ruhC as a ry otciv or fty inas nd a civilization.
Though coming om rfa ck alby, limafre iolgaMed tneserphimself as the
apostle of al noitanunity, nd aas wan en messekas opof she tmulatto elite.
om rFis h newly built ey rots-eerhte, calapop hsiBrt eboRof esvianoG
ed rreto ferhim as r’ uo’a ivaswho ad hme octo ng irb’a ew nn’ oitarebilto
the y. rtnuocIntellectuals like h6 Dcaed nnuitode es jouc rand gFelaleLBin
the us rohcof e. siarpre iolgaMed niatniamgood ns oitalerwith both the
United es tatSnd aTrujillo, nd aspent ly hsivaal litnedon iserpns oitcnufin
the capital. His government de ama ew fts nemevorpmi in ds aornda
s, frahwbut some of hor is pjrojects, amlike he tre gilePdam, l-re aeerwnu
ized. le rs becoaIn naoto meic ly rtyhe he truagovereon-vcondiatire ons few
ment. ld roWee ffoces cirpcontinued to se iruntil he tmid-1950s nda
production ed niamerly riafstable. sm iruoed pTolevedly diparng irudthe
Magloire s, raeywith the er bmunof rs otisivto Haiti quadrupling.
As ’s eriolgaMce irm etfew rdfof oto nd an ent etnocsidw. ergIn erbotcO
1954 ne acia rruhad hed tatsavedch umof he tSouth, ot nonly destroying
towns but uprooting ee ffocnd aao cacs. eertal tnemnrevoGonitpurroc
me acebmore blatant nd athe nt ediserPan gebto ke ats nmemegnarrato
continue in e. ciffoAs ps uorgwhich ad hen ebed dulcxeom rfer wopo-rp
tested, ts caof sm irorretd. esaercniThe ak erbtuoof ar lupopa-rtsnomed
tions in the capital er htrufsignalled he tss enkaewof the me igernda
prompted the high command to ve omerir ehtue gaellocnd rt oacsehim to
the t.ropria
Haiti since 1930 555
re utrhe Tre of aiolpgaMedas whe tsignal or od irfea pen of popolitical
competition en ewtebnine leading rs ednetnocor fal itnediserpe. ciffoA
al noisied vviol-trrophses mes igerof iatol termpted retin ndansatonciamto
to ts nke eammegnarror afan election on ms retey hted veilebwould be
le baruovafto ir ehte. tadidnac The my raed yalp a ey kle or in seeht
s, reveoly er neamccps rss rut eblioaas cwed cdivfidshe tfan hothe tcivilian
politicians. ns oitcelEre ewed nnalpor fer bmetpeS1957, by which time
ly notwo ve itceffes etadidnaced niamerin the field. me oSad hnd uofthe
going oo tgh uornd aed ppordout; l6 ongiFas wnt esinto e; lixeClement
Jumelle ad hen ebly esoled ctaicossawith re iolgaMed nd aras aweby fthe
y. mris aognarr, eiFlavuD the ed rennam-dlimck albry tnuocor tcodnda
ur etaemthanologist, as ed wsoppoby is uoLDejoie, ve aumula astto busi-
an mom ssrenfhe tsouth. Antonio u, aerbeKwho ed gad remehor tcivas in
he tstruggle or rs efwopwithin the y, ed mrruaovar, fhe temrofwhom he
ed veilebld uocbe manipulated. The elite, the hy cch rrauhrcnd eaihthe
U.S. ed rsy usaobvmDeeajofie. The Uor .dS. asd, sahabr, emvaewoheneb
ed dausreby phe top hsibof the Eglise al pocsipEan cilgnA(h) cruhCatht
er ille abvuaDtas pwean cce.tadiadnac
ry otr, cievor ihe Tlaar veed luecfDettion polled lluho cwsin ea u-citrapr
ly rly gnortsalin the North nd aArtibonite nd ain st omof het cities. Only
in ts rapof is hve itanth uoSnd and uorathe al tipacdid ie ojeDre ucesa
y. tirojamNo doubt es cied tcarrprlaumccoon th obsides, ut bit is likely
at htthe ed ly tllt arcuenseeegar rllupopfesenrtiment at the time.
oo dooVed niamerhe t religion ed citcarp by he tat ergty irojamof the
an itiaHon italupopalthough st omwould ve ahed mialcso lato be Catho-
lics. oo doad oed poVlhevedamong the es valal sinoof locSaint-Domingue
an ced itam ragrelligrifoans omAan as of apelemrwehnitsly ch olacudanrgi
y. tinaitly sliarihtCnessof Eit Ged odnreof cwnis ociip hsrth owa {Granmet
or Bondie) nd ahe tspirits, or Iwa as ey htre ad. ellacThe cult esvlovni
rs nd eayahe trpsinging of hymns, ed inapmoccams by und radhe tk-nird
ing of white umr (clairin), es wnd ci aith he tfphng ieniormre-ethe fcfoaof s
on nof ’, noissessop’as it is misleadingly ed bircsedby anthropologists.
an itiaHes etovedes vlesmehtk, aepsr, ehtarof ng imoceb(chewal)es sroh
nd abeing n" edby (monti) dir’the Iwa, which as ha at hwemosntereffid
connotation.
ut ohguorhT he t nineteenth ry utnec ed tacude nd ate aretil Haitians
ed dnetto ay lpwn odhe tce natropmiof oo doond Vaen veed inedts iexis-
ce netas anything re oman htar a lupope. cnador Fpe em hoteddrivourpE
556 The Caribbean
he tpattern of culture to be followed; ch usinstitutions oo as doore Veaw
distinct t. nemssarrabmer, evewoHfollowing the ethnological movement
of the 1920s, ed taicossaJ. with C. Dorsainvil an s, ece riJarnd MPnyaam
Haitians began to accept nd ato ue lavse ehtan cirfAelements in arlupop
culture. This movement as wclosely ed taicossawith the st ilanoitande-
nd amor fan end to the n, oitapuccober ut tfa1934 alcit ime dare coamerb
in its al icartheories.
Under the inspiration of he t ethnological ly rmoavemelnt ucofitnd raap
the esoteric theories of ur htrAHolly, some er gnuoymen, like isocnarF
Duvalier nd ahis ry aretilte aicossaer miroLDenis, an gebto st isniatht
Haitians, being biologically of an cthe irfAe, ck re or acelabwpsyrchologi-
cally nt ereffidom rfwhites nd sahould ot nry nsrtean ttaepto ow plloofruE
of culture, education nd aal icosstructure. me oSof se ehten ed mmrofhet
Griots group, ed maner tfathe wise old an min he tan cirfAvillage who
es ssapon lk ofwisdom to he tyounger generation. or tFhem, oo dooasVw
not magic or superstition ut bhe t’rk owof a ty ilautiripsng inruterto a
ry adnegelst ap. . . tnt he ednecsnarton isserpxeof he tss ensuoicsnocof a
re ofetbhe ce enaigmras wis ohtrof ld’. 5ed sopm omcostTly as ghe rwoup of
young om ks calbrfng tihe msiirddle class, k-but red dualcit so nmilhe ater
le bamulatto poet d, rl raauCorBwhose er htaf- anmssa enisub (cid:151) as worf
some time or yamof e. cnirP-ua-troPAt this rd ed sopmoaco-otVuime orB
doo hymns, nd aes srch eivhwromanticized nt aswaiteth he por oedspullac
et efwho descends om rfhe tmountain with his e.cudorp
ke iLny amin this group, rd auorBed rimdan aesm ipcosarfuEnd ade-
ed dnefan iratian rohtuapolitics ed sabon pupopula ist y. goloediniilossuM
me acebsomething el dof ompoa lof itich cual msor en, ip hsfredaeluntil he
invaded Ethiopia. tThe hmas is owment se ehtor an itiaHof ftruth intellec-
tuals, who me acly ebecreifal citircof the ns ailatInd aof he ton itcaniof
other an eporuEnations. me oSof the mulatto ic lohtaCs, retirwr,evewoh
continued to ak epswell of an ilatIas well as of sh inapSnd aseeugutroP
fascism, while Actse iion hcnfound arFa an msekopsin rd areGde a-taC
logne. en vEHitler ad his hHaitian apologists. nt edint secneiVredPviecer
support om rfthese es ottalumnd aks calbwho ed rimdais anhiratirohtua
pose, although he as whimself critical of the noiriste is sahpmeon puthe
an cirfAheritage of Haiti, seeing this as a divisive y.cnednet
A er bmunof Haitian poets, including an ressuran oReCaemF. Jillie, rB
nd aRegnor ed d, rvanereiBal nohitancretniaon itatunepeorin hpohe tcnarf
’, euLaqiroue tqisnet hitheie gol5ohcnd yL. s, er ianesDilPa ’vuF. D Griots ):93914 ( 500-1.
Haiti since 1930 557
ld rowas ts ehporpof the nigritude t, nemevomle ihwin the 0s 491erhto
ngm. isdilahe aeTwo telrruan seed pconreuby uElly gnforntsre iewrs etirw
reiolgnt aeMmelCnd ace naleBne eRre ent wemevomis htof es vitatneserper
meulovlatter’s he Te. duA-tniaS Dialogues de lampesmes 1)491( is theps ahrep
ed bircin it asasmeues douRqcaJy. on cinof sedtshis neertal pcxiedst aorm
ar’. tsiis hnd cove reeagnaariuoybthe -Tal itanut bane: gniehrcanmefan n’i
a-rer ry eagnreon nng ent eglatoutiimoslof atyhe ed oslspan exneti46 w91
ed thiwtaicossase ly roalhutcitratipon, La Ruche. aswle batost nomps ahreP
ofme ulovse old e, roth-serpne aewDeey-Rytof ntce he ehe nt edtwiirtstov
mseop Etincelles ts cethe lic tsod imitpofothe eof mrtime.
ed he lTlac-oson ititsrepus-itnagn iaped mtaccudnocin 41 91by the
an mic oloRhtach CruhCth iwll ufrt oppusom rfot nttche emnrsevogeL
ed kramve ia sicedge atsin the le ggurtsor cy afmerpusin the alrutluc
e. rehpsIt an cbe en esas a ed nimretedattempt by he tmulatto te ileto
ofal ving vinieattrhe nocst ang at eior slsery, ppnusoby mein agtnts eiiahm
st eretnre iolin klnd oafly ralucitrapoo n. oon igiin iledrr-sessoihe tMoV
ed gul rtoufre hetwiafch the ld eitry hrhouthghout nuwre oin cethe wes civ
tsced ejrbke coaan ta’anti-superstitison’ oo dth aoooy nd ratoir ehtsto eVd
(wangas). oo dooes lpmetVre ewen korbup nd air ehtts netnocd.enrub
ng ifigures dain eLthe gn iapmed adculcnithe op hss, iebviof anoGulaP
t, reboRnd aa ng uoyHaitian priest, my eRn, itsuguAed sopho amwoc
ar entpuin poll catihe cwearfigures n; se eohor itns msyok haof focthe cbo
ct ilwedith fsch nruuohgn ’s tChe oricin eairhe ptlmavas. uhe c0TD691of
ch usfierce on itisoppothat er tfaal revehs tnsomit as wht guorb to an
pt urbe, asolcen hwts ohsre efired win ch rcea ure iheon cvhirwsa esism
e.ng ciaklaptas w
ng ies dic tA iracun, ieqamlucof ogn Raithe aor Jas tphe tcmofearwcid
nt emed nd nau rcachenrvee, igolonhtoE’uduthe grhothe cnuhe etBdho w
y. hche TrarHaitian eie, lphoepd, eughe us roaititre srepre anuashono tm
asws, non oid, ll nagiilaegrke iilleed ra drld auas goehrbe soo dooVs; rehto
a ct udorpof on itaneiland aed nitsedto ss ay apwen ahwts ial icondsa
ic d. is emvas somoaewrnboon ciin In rs taeamapuaduoRcehcthe oy-tsop
ed gras ng tihe dal efigure nuon atmcmmeolt. cthe leeftneilrn oBin 0791
e, ly png inruterotrued sin Etotoamcudey, las iwmhe mte uillaaetto fan of
oned rtnech cihwle cricry aretly ieng ltti iiaaHniihe tdoin jend mm27 ai91
he tls anruojLa Trouee nd aLa Revue Indigene. While he ed dnefedhet
st ilanont ietmaenvomng idnamedan nd eto he tS. .Un, oitapuccou-oR
in amed mialcthat is oegruots sbilanoitanre ewng isuthe nt emevomto
en htgnerte, sctiheir duur ld jeoorsker hps. laetvas ooo, a he stomCwsam
558 The Caribbean
behind which us olupurcsnupoliticians of ll ars uolocjuggled with ssalc
conflicts or fir ehtown s. dnely rIn athirted ies he tdenin amuuad oRheothf
Communist y, traPbut as on oswnt esinto exile by Vincent.
ly egraLer dnuthe ce neulfniof ce irPrs and Mathe ethnological move-
ment Roumain al wroHte rams ut ls nd oeeboaaivpuonti, rwanicth irts ifA
traditions, as well es ias rotdsepicting the ss enwollahsof is oegruobfe ilin
the capital. His med otst ak,rrowbelec Gouverneurs la de rosee, ed hsilbupin
1944 (the ar of ehyis ), htaedbaom uer ttis uns cut -ernacCorba uawho fter
to his native village, re ehwhe challenges the ic tsilatafattitudes of het
people. The message of he tel vonis at htby a knowledge ty ilof nd aeabyr
co-operative action, men nd awomen an cdetermine ir ehte, rutufteagirri
their nd alnd abecome rs etsam’of he tdew’. in amuoRed tsisniat htrta
must be seen as an nt atropmion paewin the ce ivresof the n.oitulover
Other socialists of the od ied zriesaphpmethe ed enor ficthe tarconhcet
management of al icosnd apolitical life. ch uSmen as Jules et hcnalBteorw
of the importance of ts repxend aed gic asivnetarcuaa eUrtoupiba, reehw
al icosscientists planned er an veer thgirbe. rutufsm ilaicoSal in rendneag
sm ixraMry ech umvar lin ucitrapas an ewlite phenomenon nd alrtittle offe
as wmade to soanlibcll rit of atmhe usts or nart soapetpst phe uof esretor ni
at iratelorpuntil the mid-forties.
is ognarFDuvalier me acto er wopin 1957 with rt oppusom rfey kpsuorg
of mostly ck albmiddle-class politicians nd aal cols. redaelIn he ty-rtnuoc
side these re ew owners of medium-sized s, eitreporp le ba to deivorp
al noisacco employment or fir ehter rooprs uobhgiennd ato ke amemht
ns aolor fseed, er silitrefnd er ahtos. deenme oSof em htreew spkulateurs,
buying ee ffocom rfthe ll amnt sasaepnd aselling to the rt opxees suohin
the ports, thus constituting nt atan ropmilink between town y-rtnnd uoca
side. They included a er bmunof houngans oo dooV(priests), who edyalp
an al itneulfnile orin village life. It as wom rfse ehtmiddle rs otcesof het
al rurpopulation that the coco nd apiquet a) llirreug(rs edaelad hme ocin
the previous y, rutnecnd ait as wey htwho ad hed lhe ted mrastruggle
against the U.S. occupation. er ilavuDso laad hng ikcabom rfmiddle-
ss alcgroups in the al tipacnd ain the al icnivorptowns. He as wsup-
ported by the ti raPUnite National, ed dnuofry auin rbeF1957, with its
al nruojPanorama. This up orged dulcniJules Blanchet, who ad heneb
ed taicossawith the old P, SPnd ais her htorbl; uaPso lael hciMAubourg,
* Jacques Roumain, e’ gde ujerPur eluoc"et lutte de classe 1, in Analyse Scbtmatiqui, 32-34 (Port-au-
Prince, 1934).
Haiti since 19$o 559
ph esoJdy iugaBnd aerhto noiriste s. tsigoloededitse nle eephsoTeerpper
he tft el’g’ niwsm of ireil- avuDst ilanoitanin c, irotehanrciremA-itna
nd athus ed bbudby he tsy sS. a.U’. tbsinas ummmoCe-otpyrerc’ilavuD
ed tcs, neaicd-iutfliclnmuoliaptfto asided er tbrof moupnpa usby so laas w
ng iic ud areendgeivruFDnd aor trs cian eVmvt, neastsnNosCenr-iEsub
er zst iean e. heJrntitt aeonnpleBgmahe yTMst s-and ialzreawo Net-xwe
ed taied th iwcyose e, op atha sey oaslle isphbokpoase cwtrhe siniiipEgE
ng ier riuS. l.Urt s.ocapor pyuevsly ain usdrDfahe te
ly reng ivreulssCaerthe ps ohsibby appointing, or fhe tfirst me itin
an itiaHy, rotsiha st eirpas er tsiniMof n, oitacuder EediclnauvonunDa
that he as wng itivnion isa siof mes S. .UniraMto lp ehin arthe tedmra
ly eviul ts ed tniftemcreinleeehe ts. ds fwnese aps foeof ehwo tchtsepTrof
he try tnuo- c the ch ruhCnd ahe tsy sS. .U- abmeed lnd abanehe tewn
nt eding seirspal semeath to ttidewrrs.re pom
ts ndnaenal ocst ped intpticeiaoris lgiodhapre ees wvo’s rfirst emilavuD
aswn an iomilitia, lnikvom p. iichWrsiis th rehst dmy fanlp reeilhaathe ga
cagoulards ed zt, nt nd ioeabed nmr-ed orearadllrhe gBeC), oby tnremoo h(
ed on itrs ziseond pidpoaaelt laely dsselhturth iwir ehtpt enits pmettato
ow rhtret. nveis mnohrevoed grrefsHe naa ri-er btor mmy uifnrnaof feso
au omerred trs bfaas end eto ve en as al alhKele roctbuthe oarrwmto seair
is ht. sop In is hly raers aeer yilavly utDneuqerfed gnahche tryatilim
rs ep, ihsrng cely diland aevclaoiing us itmotiioetmliorobrfmppn-auofyo
er gck rs al eaiyldlbooslto f.les mih ed zThe inamiligtia into roas ewrthe
erhnd toaes targetnes Itsireile, alanvoituaNtDhe te iruceSla de es riatnoloV
er s. elilcanse emgeps sauhorTgre ewn ownkas tontons macoutu, er tfathe
re figure in olkes liff ho orwfraocty hguanen rdlihcin k. cais shpanl-Ak
gh uohtthe macoutes ly iramirre p an ewnt emurtsnie,cnalor ind rgof rievat
on ed immetrior rt cng iogotihe upal tnrecfof etpriururftvhe sfepso ley aht
ut ohguorhtthe ry tnuocnd ang igarry uaoncinderons aitiaHto el efatht
ey htre ewng iyalpan nt atropmile orin the al citilopfe ilof he tn.oitan
ps age arnof oed rcfinancial tlare pSleeso wnlanufgh uorhtse ehs.puorgt
ng ivaHed vomerhe tst omng isserpts aerhtto is he, migererilavuD
ed nruton a er bmunof s,tse irp h-caeted lgoly aroal ghuin cse inctorhaestp
g. nihe Tad ehof the ly oHst ohGs, rehtaFre r,eene gPnreeibtnEeneirG
ly remroa fnd se oelicrfof nt edisere, PriolgaMas wan ly ram. itecivo-T
er htegth iwer htonat, seirped llom ehe pras xewfry he ttnuocin stuguA
39 91or ng igon aifrtuoicsnoeps puoprgond ang inimrednu’the alutirips
ty inuof the nation’, et nin ids bt. er aof etrhe cshtioncul iwnmheaaTPlB
op hsibhcraed tsetorpnd aa nt arrawas wed ussior fis ht, serrabut asw
560 The Caribbean
withdrawn. er htruts Fcilfnocbetween ch ruhnd Cate atsed usneen hwthe
ic lohtaCdaily er papswenve agte art roLa epdPhalange poumsto students
who re ewprotesting st niagast tehe of rme orsaof r.ir eebhtmun
In late i960 Archbed ier lleas spxiehwrop ioPnd on uorghe tat htadhe h
given money to student Communist ps uorgre r(a on aitaszuccaibin het
light of his authoritarian, right-wing ). ecnatsLa Phalange as wed solcby
he tgovernment nd ans ezodof ts seirpnd ans unre d. eetwserraerilavuD
ll and athose involved in exhe ptulsion of he t re eop ewxhcosmmiuni-bhcra
cated. er htruFmoves st niagathe an moRic lohtaCch ruhCed dulcnihet
closing of the y, ranimes he texpulsion of he tJesuits, he tsilencing of
ch ruhcmagazines nd athe banning of ic lohtaCde artunions. ps etSreew
so laen katagainst some rs ebmemof the Ege, lise tapocsipEse ohwophsib
as wer talexpelled om rfhe tcountry in 1964. By is httian me eJtesitpaB
Georges, ly remrofer tsiniMof Education, er st hend itrpoanre aewngoma
he tal picnirpexile rs edaelplanning ns oiom savnrifi.maiM
During these rs aeyDuvalier as wso lacontending with er htoalitnetop
es rtnecof opposition. In mid-1960 he me acre ebawof acy aa ripsnocto
te anissassahim ed garuocneby the U.S. sy sabmend aed l by Clement
t, obraBad ehof the tontons macoutes. ed twsith eot brer rbas rma auwBofna
is hsupporters, but some er om on ted sitme irrepffhe he raias nitwiated fa
campaign or aof rgainrst etthe government which an gntebweirth apan pa
attempt to kidnap the er ilavuDchildren. ot braBnd ais her htorbreew
eventually killed in a shoot-out with government es cly urJoin f1963.
With typical ss ensselhturDuvalier ed rve ietdcenffeenrihe talnoitidart
ns aemby which the ss enisubcommunity ad hen eble bato reung irsbserp
on governments by closing ir eht shops. er ilavuDsimply ed redrohet
macoutes to open the es rotswith s, rabworcallowing he tmob to r;ednulp
rs oteirporpsoon d. enruterSimilarly, his se nopserto a student ke irtsasw
to close the university nd ato en poa ew nte ats’y’ tisrevinuer dnufirm
government control, into which students re ewobliged to er tsiger-erif
they wished to continue with their sed tundiiairetes. hns oetinde uraThe rt
independence er hr, etgnoalrbut in 1964 ey htly laoo tre ed nvieirpwefdof
all autonomy. 7
One re tnecof er wopwhich ed vorpre omme oselbuortas wthe United
es tatSy. ssabmeer vEce nisthe U.S. on isavniof 1915, Washington adh
ed mussasome kind of ht girto determine at hwed neppahin Haiti. As
7 A useful summary of the history of trade-unionism in Haiti can be nd uofin J.-J. Doubout nda
Ulrich Joly, Nota stir It developpemmt du momtmtnt syndical en Haiti (n.p., 1974).
Haiti since 1930 561
dy aernotled, ahe tUnited es tatSed ad rhapt en pto eebcecarpDuvalier as
nt edind searpps it ed on risseimas orne ld wuigohCsat rahtaMa be sent to
help in arthe tHaitian s. ecrofThis mission, ng ivly irrraaein 1959, asw
ed rt edboby aRflamboyant eDebs he thHeinl, ng idnatof sse roehdtwhenu
le orch ihw he as wplaying in he tpolitique of er ilavuDas w lytsefinam
limited.
nt hn eoJdisdy eenrnePKnd uofHaiti, with its ct nt eapcor ssferhuman
rights, something of nt emssan arrabmas ea er bmemof ".dhe tlee rorwf’
he Ted tinUes tatSed tsetorpst niagathe se usimof id and aed sserpxeits
re usaelpsidat he tn’ oitcele-er’of er ilavuDin 1961, in ch ihwhe tballot
ry atnemaelrs eifor ctthe lioens ris apoed pdcare eanwr,peilavuDeaDr hr’F
nt ediserPof Haiti’. rs etoed mVussaat htthis as wsimply a statement of
t, cafds raed rwevut borcsiedtfat hat- ss elnuey htad ly lhauted cassorcit
out - ey htad hed tovhim into er har tery-a uxrm fie. esctiof ffoHowever
on tgnihsaWed deenHaiti’s vote in he ton itazinagran Ociof remAStates,
ly ralucitrapin he tmeeting of 1962 at te nuPel de, tsEen hwba uCasw
ed llepxeom rfhe tOAS. At the st almoment Haiti ed ergato se uits eyk
ed U.sS. aearid. rt coepxnhe pulspiton uior Nste ovge ento avhcexin erfthe-
less, ly la cll iatcarpU.S. id ed odaner ear wpsas tusiweain ng me lyhe atsto
n.oitpurroc
’s reilavuDconstitutional rm etof ce iffoas wue dto nd ein ay M1963,
ut bas he ted hcatiome rpit paas ar welhe cad hno intention of resigning.
Opposition ps uorgan geba gn iapmacof r; orer rilavueDtok otce reife-r
venge. His se olcde id, aes nuaqccruant oJeDr Fdiserpof he tHaitian edR
s, sored Cralcedat htre ehtwould be ya a alami’: hs’of esprod oolBc’will
flow in Haiti. he Tnd alwill rn ubom rfNorth to South, om rfst aEto
t. seWre ehTwill be no se irnusor et snus- st ujne obig flame licking the
’.yks 8 Men, women nd ed aren rdlichcasre by sewamhet macoutes, nd athe
es issre aed eblwmleifwith s. eeguferThe Dominican sy sabas mweedretne
by ’s reilavuDs, ecrofwho ok otout two s, eeguferng ikovorpa is sircin
ns oitalerwith the neighbouring republns ic, oitre aerwre aephedewamrp
or fan n. oisavniThe U.S. ed suferto ze ing’s ocreeriland vouceDsrm etof
ce iffond aed rewolthe el vel of its diplomatic n. oitatneserperdyenneK
ed ifisnetnithe gn iapmacdesto tabilize the ng igme iagreuroby cneHaitian
exile ps uorg in he t United es tatS itself and, with on itaroballocomrf
nt edian sueJrPBosch, in he tDominican Republic. er ilavuDad erpsthe
ur omat hturhe as wplanning to flee ns oy, irhe on tttnauorcand peatrhep
New * Times, York 27 April 1963.
562 The Caribbean
Dominican er drobor fhe ton isavnire ewhalted. ar om rFfleaving, how-
r, eveDuvalier ed saercniis on hisserperof ed soppusdissidents nd aangeb
planning his on itaruguanias feil-rof-tnediserp (cid:151) an ce iffoch ihw went
ck abto Haiti’s ly radaeys.
The campaign leading to um dtnhe erefered mwhrich ifner iolavcuDas
president-for-life ed ssentiwa growing al eppato us oigilersymbolism on
ndus usweioth Jrm ris hart the aped s. of thsidris nagof apoarpeprs petasoP
Duvalier nd aen tsve ohhe nd ced hsds irlowabhupaiamcan e’. M. ’I hJruoF
Catechisme de la revolution which included hymns nd aus oiravrseyarp
ed tpadato the e. suacer ilavuDas wed mialcorpthe st etaerot girtapof lla
times, or tapicnameof he tes ssamnd aor tavonerof he try tnuocin whom
the great rs edaelof the st ap- t, niassuoTDessalines, e, hpotsirhConiteP
nd aEstime - d. etanre reawcnieThe rbooklet includes ts caof h, tiafpeoh
nd ay, tirahcns oissefnoced snd sr’ e’s erayddaa dto rraPr. oeilLavu’DheT
d’ es’ eerlCtsboepgAi"ns:
ulfrewop-llve c, ur eoDaur iOin loeI b f,ei hc ofer d liub het ishin nd i, tiaHew a n
ed isor hrfent fedfin ius57 ed 9etho s1rcwePlas ewho ur owim. vsiatour iSrOtap
t-nedisered Pmialcored ptnd in c61 ea9l1e-eras who y, rwtnuocis hor fnd ale poep
e. fiL-r. of. .
One of the mole st bakraes dosimpeerin the ly rrs aaeeof yhe tmeiger
as wthe ’s tnediserPon itanimretedto ge nahcthe om ag Haitrian he tlfuelbf
nd ad, erhorizontally d, ecalpto the ck albnd aed ly lracitred ecvalpwith
the ck albto the mast. he Ter mrofad hen ebthe ag lfat cenednepedni
(though Duvalier ed suferto pt eccathis), but ad hen ebed gnahcto ckalb
nd a ed r by Dessalines in the Constitution of 1805. When Haiti asw
divided in 1806, he potsed inrihaCterthe ck albnd aed rflag, while Petion
ed nruterto the blue nd ad. erhe Tr, ettalwhich ed nial aimecriflaghe tffo
until ’s reilavuDy, adid as awsto symbolize tng he ier rwaohksof pby scalb
(blue) nd amulattoes ), wderi(th bong th irs uholocctt. he asamerckalhe bT
nd ad, erwith ck albto he tmast, symbolized the ct afat htks calblduohs
control power. Other ic retosens oitaterpretniof the rdaflag re eput wwrof
by ur htrAHolly, a noiriste er tirwof the U.S. on itapuccod, oirep who
insisted at ht the flag ld uohs be changed to ck albnd ared. 9 erilavuD
attempted to ke amthe ge nahcin 1957, ut bre eas hch wuso tmonitisoppo
that ed phe pordt. cejthe orpBy 1964, r, evewohng ortshe ghas uonein a w
position to introduce ce of nhe tack the nd auerlblaaed berpflag. phe aT(er
’ Arthur Holly, (’Her-Ra-Me-El’) Dra-po: ttudt isoterique dt egrfgon a/ricain, traditiotmd, social et
national (Port-au-Prince, 1928).
Haiti since 1930 563
nd aed rflag as wa le batre onutaefof the ns oitartsnomedry aundnain aJ
ry aurb19e8F6, which ed lto de ualChe -tll naeaJDuvalierf.)of
The on isnepsusof most gn ierofid a in he tly rae 1960s ed cudorpa
us oireal sicnanifcrisis. Almost no ey nomas wle baliavato ay parluger
nt emnrevoges eyolpmelet ne olahet macoutes; ed v esiipots eccncivil earvres
of het ’stnediserp (Euvres essentielles in lieu of h.sac Nevertheless, ’sreilavuD
s, retroppuscalculating at htey htre ewunlikely to do ny aer tteberdnu
er htonagovernment, ed niul afmhetriafnd aed pohor fer ttebdays. With
he tny flight amof Haitian en mssenreisuebhto wtehe nd sUnited les eatatS
he tfield as wwide en poto he tux lfniof ry anidan on risoseaccrutsxeof
incfinanciers luct deipng sushe tan ited pmd, ymgaEheoModce yznaAiFrP
of an rInd age roeGld ihcsnerhoMom rfthe United s. etatSly egraLin
on itaroballocwith Haitian er knard bamelph CesoJs, elrahCse ehtenm
re ewgiven us oiraal vicremmocns oissecnocin the pe ohat htey htlduow
ng irb ed deen-hcum gn ierof ge nahcxe into he t y. rtnuoc er tfA meos
le baredum issof ic lbupnoey cnomer moa tonfthed s, gsed anaymnaaFto rt
is hwn ont uoccand athen d.ely trpmaorepppasid
ts in caetprsIn eecr1965 ay mbe en ethe as sng inrutpoint of he tmeiger
is oof cnarDuvalier. FBy this time he ad hed vomeror jats maerhtto ish
nt emnrevogom rfwithin nd aoutside he ty. rtnuocHe ad hcome to an
ng idnatsrednuwith the United s, etatSed virraat an implicit ntemeerga
with at hwas wft elof he tss enisubcommunity, eliminated ntednepedni
ns oiip nde nd uhsaarht to guoerbrheel. dmy atelorrted he nafiaIt ly mnoer
im hto ch aeran on itadommoccawith he tan moRic lohtaCh. cruhCIn
1966 he ed nruthis attention to is htr. ettamThe an cied tearVgato het
nt emtnioppa of a ew nindigenous y, hcrareihwith he tly larenegntailp
is oWolf cp. de noogiLnhsiabhcas rraFhe Tau ed gaeas niwsBihesthuop oC
le osng iniamerwhite bishop. At ny oed merrathe taehnt cltethe dciesedrP
rt at it oerfgmas ocwa to ow nkat hthe ld uocow nnt uocrt oon ppofhe uts’
he thighest al romty irohtua in he t’. dlrow he Tch ruhchy crareihasw
by erehtrn ohsof political er wopor fst omlatwo s. edaceder ilavuDertal
er htok on itcraotust niagafthe Holy st os, hGrehtaFwed lho lortnone coof
he tal picnirphigh ls oohcsin he tcapital, on he tnd uorgat htey htre eaw
ve isrevbus.ecneulfni IO
The economy of the e, disyrtnuocre e80 nt ehcd,weer ns of kaitipraHow
10 te atrelSaer tioh(cid:151)at ns tdthrehcutrfais uor ihls ton CFime, Dsee avid Nicholls, ’Politics nd aReligion
in PoliticalHaof iJournal ti’, Canadian Science 3, no. 3 (1970also ); ’Documencs: TChe athochlric uhC
in Haiti’, IDOC International, North an ciremAedition, 6 (27 June 1970): 7. (cid:151)6Duvalier’s own
account of these events an cbe found in Mimoira d’un leader du mondt tiers (Pzrii, 1969).