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The Cambridge History of Latin America: Latin America since 1930: Spanish South America PDF

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THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF LATIN AMERICA VOLUME VIII Latin America since 1930: Spanish South America Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF LATIN AMERICA VOLUME I Colonial Latin America VOLUME II Colonial Latin America VOLUME in From Independence to c. i8jo VOLUME iv c. 1870 to 1930 VOLUME V C. l8jO to I93O VOLUME vi Latin America since 1930: Economy, society and politics VOLUME VII Latin America since 1930: Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean VOLUME VIII Latin America since 1930: Spanish South America VOLUME ix Latin America since 1930: Brazil; Ideas, culture and society Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF LATIN AMERICA VOLUME VIII Latin America since 1930 Spanish South America edited by LESLIE BETHELL Professor of Latin American History University of London CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK http: //www.cup.cam.ac.uk 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA http: //www.cup.org 10 Stamford Road, Oakleigh, Melbourne 3166, Australia © Cambridge University Press 1991 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 1991 Reprinted 1996, 1999 Printed in the United States of America Typeset in Garamond A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data is available ISBN 0-521-26652-1 hardback Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 CONTENTS List of maps page vii General preface ix Preface to Volume VIII xiii PART ONE. ARGENTINA, URUGUAY AND PARAGUAY 1 Argentina, 1930—46 3 DAVID ROCK, Professor of History, University of California at Santa Barbara 2 Argentina since 1946 73 JUAN CARLOS TORRE Instituto Torcuato Di Telia, and LILIANA DE RJZ, Centro de Estudios de Estado y Sociedad (CEDES), Buenos Aires 3 Uruguay since 1930 195 HENRY FINCH, Senior Lecturer in Economic and Social History, Liverpool University 4 Paraguay since 1930 233 PAUL H. LEWIS, Professor of Political Science, Newcomb College, Tulane University PART TWO. CHILE 5 Chile, 1930-58 269 PAUL DRAKE, Professor of Political Science and History, University of California at San Diego 6 Chile since 1958 311 ALAN ANGELL, Lecturer in Latin American Politics and Fellow, St. Antony's College, Oxford Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 vi Contents PART THREE. PERU AND BOLIVIA 7 Peru, 1930-60 385 GEOFFREY BERTRAM, Senior Lecturer in Economics, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand 8 Peru since i960 451 JULIO COTLER, Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, Lima 9 Bolivia since 1930 509 LAURENCE WHITEHEAD, Official Fellow in Politics, Nujfield College, Oxford PART FOUR. COLOMBIA, ECUADOR AND VENEZUELA 10 Colombia, 1930—58 • 587 CHRISTOPHER ABEL, Lecturer in Latin American History, University College London and MARCO PALACIOS, Bogota 11 Colombia since 1958 629 CHRISTOPHER ABEL and MARCO PALACIOS 12 Ecuador since 1930 687 ENRIQUE AYALA MORA, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 13 Venezuela since 1930 727 JUDITH EWELL, Professor of History, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia Bibliographical essays 791 Index 869 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 MAPS Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay page 2 Chile 268 Peru and Bolivia 384 Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela 586 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 GENERAL PREFACE For almost a hundred years multi-volume Cambridge Histories, planned and edited by historians of established reputation, with individual chap- ters written by leading specialists in their fields, have set the highest standards of collaborative international scholarship. The Cambridge Modern History, edited by Lord Acton, appeared in sixteen volumes between 1902 and 1912. It was followed by The Cambridge Ancient History, The Cambridge Medieval History and others. The Modern History has now been replaced by The New Cambridge Modern History in fourteen volumes, and The Cambridge Economic History of Europe has recently been completed. Cambridge Histo- ries of Islam, of Iran and of Africa are published or near completion; in progress are Histories of China, of Judaism and of Japan. In the early 1970s Cambridge University Press decided the time was ripe to embark on a Cambridge History of Latin America. Since the Second World War and particularly since i960 research and writing on Latin American history had been developing, and have continued to de- velop, at an unprecedented rate - in the United States (by American historians in particular, but also by British, European and Latin American historians resident in the United States), in Britain and continental Eu- rope, and increasingly in Latin America itself (where a new generation of young professional historians, many of them trained in the United States, Britain or continental Europe, had begun to emerge). Perspectives had changed as political, economic and social realities in Latin America — and Latin America's role in the world — had changed. Methodological innova- tions and new conceptual models drawn from the social sciences (econom- ics, political science, historical demography, sociology, anthropology) as well as from other fields of historical research were increasingly being adopted by historians of Latin America. The Latin American Studies monograph series and the Journal of Latin American Studies had already been Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 x General Preface established by the Press and were beginning to publish the results of this new historical thinking and research. Dr Leslie Bethell, then Reader in Hispanic American and Brazilian History at University College London, accepted an invitation to edit The Cambridge History of Latin America. For the first time a single editor was given responsibility for the planning, co-ordination and editing of an entire History. He began work on the project in the late 1970s. The Cambridge History of Latin America, to be published in ten volumes, is the first large-scale, authoritative survey of Latin America's unique historical experience during the five centuries since the first contacts between the native American Indians and Europeans (and the beginnings of the African slave trade) in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centu- ries. (The Press will publish separately a Cambridge History of the native peoples of the Americas - North, Middle and South - which will give proper consideration to the evolution of the region's peoples, societies and civilizations, in isolation from the rest of the world, during the several millennia before the arrival of the Europeans, as well as a fuller treatment than will be found here of the history of the indigenous peoples of Latin America under European colonial rule and during the national period to the present day.) Latin America is taken to comprise the predominantly Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking areas of continental America south of the United States — Mexico, Central America and South America — together with the Spanish-speaking Caribbean — Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic — and, by convention, Haiti. (The vast territories in North America lost to the United States by treaty and by war, first by Spain, then by Mexico, during the first half of the nineteenth century are for the most part excluded. Neither the British, French and Dutch Carib- bean islands nor the Guianas are included, even though Jamaica and Trinidad, for example, have early Hispanic antecedents and are now mem- bers of the Organization of American States.) The aim is to produce a high-level synthesis of existing knowledge which will provide historians of Latin America with a solid base for future research, which students of Latin American history will find useful and which will be of interest to historians of other areas of the world. It is also hoped that the History will contribute more generally to a deeper understanding of Latin America through its history in the United States, Europe and elsewhere and, not least, to a greater awareness of its own history in Latin America. For the first time the volumes of a Cambridge History have been published in chronological order: Volumes I and II (Colonial Latin Amer- Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008

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This volume consists of the separate histories of the countries of Spanish South America. Part One covers in depth the history of Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay. Part Two is devoted to Chile. Part Three covers Peru and Bolivia. The fourth and final section is devoted to Colombia, Ecuador and Venezu
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