The Cambridge History of Judaism, Volume 6: The Middle Ages: The Christian World PDF
Preview The Cambridge History of Judaism, Volume 6: The Middle Ages: The Christian World
THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF JUDAISM VOLUME VI THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF JUDAISM FOUNDINGEDITORS † W.D.Davies † L.Finkelstein ALREADYPUBLISHED Volume1Introduction:ThePersianPeriod EditedbyW.D.DaviesandLouisFinkelstein 1984,9780521218801 Volume2TheHellenisticAge EditedbyW.D.DaviesandLouisFinkelstein 1989,9780521219297 Volume3TheEarlyRomanPeriod EditedbyWilliamHorbury,W.D.DaviesandJohnSturdy 1999,9780521243773 Volume4TheLateRoman-RabbinicPeriod EditedbyStevenT.Katz 2006,9780521772488 Volume7TheEarlyModernWorld,1500–1815 EditedbyJonathanKarpandAdamSutcliffe 2018,9780521889049 Volume8TheModernWorld,1815–2000 EditedbyMitchellB.HartandTonyMichels 2017,9780521769532 THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF JUDAISM VOLUMEVI THE MIDDLE AGES: THE CHRISTIAN WORLD VOLUMEEDITOR ROBERT CHAZAN UniversityPrintingHouse,Cambridgecb28bs,UnitedKingdom OneLibertyPlaza,20thFloor,NewYork,ny10006,USA 477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,vic3207,Australia 314 321,3rdFloor,Plot3,SplendorForum,JasolaDistrictCentre, NewDelhi 110025,India 79AnsonRoad,#06 04/06,Singapore079906 CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9780521517249 doi:10.1017/9781139048880 ©CambridgeUniversityPress2018 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2018 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabySheridanBooks,Inc. AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressControlNumber:77085704 LibraryofCongressCataloguinginPublicationdata (RevisedforVolume6) Mainentryundertitle: TheCambridgeHistoryofJudaism/EditedbyW.D.DaviesandLouisFinkelstein isbn978-0-521-21880-1(hardback) I.Judaism-History I.Davies,W.D.II.Finkelstein,Louis 296'.09'01BM165 isbn978-0-521-51724-9Hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof URLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. CONTENTS ListofFigures pageviii Introduction 1 ROBERT CHAZAN,NewYorkUniversity part i jews in the medieval christian world 7 1 ThePriorChurchLegacy 9 ROBERT CHAZAN,NewYorkUniversity 2 MedievalChurchDoctrinesandPolicies 32 ANNA SAPIR ABULAFIA,OxfordUniversity 3 MutualPerceptionsandAttitudes 54 DAVID BERGER,YeshivaUniversity,NewYork 4 Byzantium 76 NICHOLAS DE LANGE,UniversityofCambridge 5 Italy 98 TheSouth 98 DAVID ABULAFIA,UniversityofCambridge TheNorth 117 ROBERT BONFIL,TheHebrewUniversityofJerusalem 6 TheIberianPeninsula 129 TheTransitiontoChristianRule 129 YOM TOV ASSIS† UnderChristianRule 146 MARK MEYERSON,UniversityofToronto 7 SouthernFrance 185 RAM BEN SHALOM,TheHebrewUniversityofJerusalem 8 NorthwesternEurope 213 ROBERT CHAZAN,NewYorkUniversity v vi contents 9 Germany 239 ALFRED HAVERKAMP,TrierUniversity 10 NortheasternEurope 282 NORA BEREND,UniversityofCambridge part ii social and institutional history 305 11 TheSources 307 EPHRAIM SHOHAM STEINER,Ben-GurionUniversityoftheNegev, Beer-Sheva,Israel 12 DemographyandMigrations 335 MICHAEL TOCH,TheHebrewUniversityofJerusalem 13 EconomicActivities 357 MICHAEL TOCH,TheHebrewUniversityofJerusalem 14 CommunalandReligiousOrganization 380 JEFFREY WOOLF,BarIlanUniversity,RamatGan,Israel 15 SchoolsandEducation 393 EPHRAIM KANARFOGEL,YeshivaUniversity,NewYork 16 AnnualCycleandLifeCycle 416 ELISHEVA BAUMGARTEN,TheHebrewUniversityofJerusalem 17 TheFamily 440 ELISHEVA BAUMGARTEN,TheHebrewUniversityofJerusalem part iii spiritual and intellectual history 463 18 TheSources 465 DANIEL J. LASKER,Ben-GurionUniversityoftheNegev, Beer-Sheva,Israel 19 LanguagesandTranslations 485 Languages 485 DAVID M. BUNIS,TheHebrewUniversityofJerusalem Translations 506 JAMES T. ROBINSON,TheUniversityofChicago 20 BookProduction 535 MALACHI BEIT ARIE´,TheHebrewUniversityofJerusalem 21 BibleStudies 555 MARTIN LOCKSHIN,YorkUniversity,Toronto contents vii 22 TalmudicStudies 582 EPHRAIM KANARFOGEL,YeshivaUniversity,NewYork 23 JewishLaw 620 ALYSSA M. GRAY,HebrewUnionCollege JewishInstitute ofReligion,NewYork 24 LiturgyandPiyut 648 Liturgy 648 STEFAN C. REIF,UniversityofCambridge Piyut 664 ELISABETH HOLLENDER,GoetheUniversity,Frankfurt 25 Philosophy 678 MAURO ZONTA† 26 ScienceandMedicine 702 GAD FREUDENTHAL,CentreNationaledelaRechercheScientifique, Paris 27 Mysticism 742 ELLIOT R. WOLFSON,UniversityofCalifornia,SantaBarbara 28 Belles-Lettres 787 JONATHAN P. DECTER,BrandeisUniversity,Waltham,MA 29 Polemics 813 DANIEL J. LASKER,Ben-GurionUniversityoftheNegev,Beer-Sheva, Israel 30 Historiography 836 EVA HAVERKAMP,LudwigMaximilianUniversity,Munich 31 MaterialCultureandArt 860 KATRIN KOGMAN APPEL,WestfälischeWilhelms-Universität, Münster SuggestedReadings 882 Index 905 FIGURES 9.1 JewishsettlementsintheRegnumteutonicumaround1200 page240 20.1 Mapofthegeo culturaldivisionofthemaintypesofHebrew 546 bookcraftandscript 31.1 SynagogueofIbnShoshan,Toledo,latethirteenthcentury,interior 862 31.2 SynagogueofSamuelHaleviAbulafia,Toledo,1356,architectural 863 decoration 31.3 SynagogueofWorms,begun1174,withlateradditions,capital 865 31.4 Altneushul,Prague,latethirteenthcentury,architecturaldecoration 866 attheentrance 31.5 LeipzigMahzor,Leipzig,Universitätsbibliothek,MSVoller1002 3, 867 ˙ vol.II,fol.129r,Worms,c.1310,“TheLilyoftheValley” 31.6 LeipzigMahzor,Leipzig,Universitätsbibliothek,MSVoller1002 3, 868 ˙ vol.I,fol.31r,Worms,c.1310,ShabbatShekalim ˙ 31.7 BirdHeadsHaggadah,Jerusalem,IsraelMuseum,MS180/57, 871 fol.22v,southernGermany,c.1300,thecollectionofManna 31.8 DamascusKeter,Jerusalem,NationalLibraryofIsrael,cod.4º790, 873 fol.310v,Toledo(?),c.1260withadditionsfromBurgosfromthelate thirteenthcentury,carpetpage 31.9 PerpignanBible,Paris,BibliothèquenationaledeFrance,codhébr. 874 7,fol.12v,Perpignan,1299,theTempleimplements 31.10 AmbrosianaBible,Milan,BibliotecaAmbrosiana,MS30 32inf., 876 vol.III,fol.135v,southernGermany,1236,“Themessianicbanquet” viii INTRODUCTION robert chazan Historians writing from the perspective of the modern West have usually defined the “Middle Ages” as the period between 500 and 1500 and as the epoch during which the Church controlled the major directions taken by the societies of Christendom. The Renaissance thinkers who initially coined the locution and those moderns who subsequently made its usage common were very much focused on Europe and were profoundly hostile to the medieval epoch. The notion of a “middle” period in European history was meant to conjure up the greatness of the earlier Greco-Roman era, the decline fostered by the victory of Christianity and the Church, and the anticipated revitaliza- tion of Europe in the spirit of Greece and Rome. The “Middle” of the Middle Ages was a term of opprobrium. That opprobrium was heightened during the Enlightenment, when “medieval” came to symbolize all the ills against which Enlightenment thinkers railed – dictatorial ecclesiastical powers, obscurantist religious views, and suppression of innovative and creative thinking. Intense Enlightenment castigation of medieval civilization and its achievements eventuallystimulatedaRomanticreactionthatprojectedontotheMiddle Agestheenduringvirtuesseeminglyabsentinthenew,moresecular,and moredemocraticera. With the passage of time, ideologically grounded opprobrium and its opposite–adulationofthemedievalChurchandmedievalsociety–have bothgivenwaytomorescholarlydistanceandtotherecognitionthatthe “Middle Ages” produced highly creative and constructive achievements, along with much that was harmful and destructive. The broadening of recent scholarly interests beyond the borders of Europe has enlarged perspectivesonthe“MiddleAges,”especiallythroughthegrowingaware- ness that European Christendom was by no means the sole or even the dominantforceontheWesternsceneduringmuchoftheperiodbounded by 500 and 1500. Scholars have become increasingly aware of the extent to which the “Middle Ages” reflect a Eurocentric perspective, and of the difficulties in applying the notion outside Europe. Recognition of the 1 2 the middle ages: the christian world range and power of the medieval Islamic world has been one of the most significantelementsinthisnewerandbroadersenseoftheMiddleAges. Duringtheseventhcentury,anunanticipatednewreligiousvision and forceemergedfromtheArabianpeninsula.Muslimarmiesconqueredvast territories, stretching from central Asia westward to the eastern shores of the Mediterranean Sea, across North Africa, and onto the European continent. Within this enormous area, Muslim rulers built effectively on the foundations of prior civilizations, absorbed much of the learning and wisdom of the Greco-Roman world, and fashioned multi-ethnic and multi-religious societies of great terrestrial power and equally great intel- lectualandspiritualvitality.ThisvastIslamicaterealmincludedtheover- whelming majority of the world’s Jewish population from the seventh century through the early centuries of the second Christian millennium. The concentration of the world’s Jewish population and creativity in the orbit of Islam during this period is reflected in the decision to devote the bulk of volume 5 of TheCambridge History of Judaism toJewish commu- nitiesandJewishlifeunderIslamicruleduringtheMiddleAges. DuringthefirsthalfoftheMiddleAges,theChristiansphereofpolitical powerwasdividedintotwosectors.InAsiaMinor,thevenerableEastern Roman Empire maintained its authority and creativity, grounded in the teachingsoftheGreekOrthodoxChurch.TheByzantineEmpiresetlimits totheIslamicconquestalongthenortheasternshoresoftheMediterranean Sea.Furtherwestward,theRomanChurchprovidedessentialcoherenceto the diverse principalities of Latin Christendom. While western Christian armies were eventually successful in halting the Muslim advance across Europe, Latin Christendom suffered grievous losses and emerged as the weakest of the three major religio-political blocs of the first half of the Middle Ages. Buffeted from every direction – by Muslim forces, by Byzantium,andbyraidingpartiesfromthenorth–therulersofWestern Christendom during the first half of the Middle Ages were constantly on the defensive, seeking as best they could to protect their clients and followersfromthemultitudeofdangersthreateningfromallquarters. Justastheriseof Islamand theIslamicconquestscouldnothavebeen foretold during the sixth century, so too the vitalization of Western Christendom could not have been predicted during the tenth century. Modemscholarsarenotatallcertainastotheexplanationsforthereversal of position that enabled Latin Christendom to evolve from the weakest of the Western blocs to the strongest. The vitalization was more than simplymilitary.Beginninginthetenthcentury,thepopulationofWestern Christendom grew rapidly, its economic productivity expanded, urban life developed impressively, effective governments emerged, the Church became ever better organized, and wide-ranging cultural and spiritual
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