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THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF CHINA 2 Volume 220–589 The Six Dynasties, Edited by ALBERT E. DIEN Professor Emeritus, Stanford University KEITH N. KNAPP The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. University of Western Ontario, on 17 Nov 2019 at 10:26:43, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/CF007B7F5788F1C89C1C541095FCF555 UniversityPrintingHouse,Cambridgecb28bs,UnitedKingdom OneLibertyPlaza,20thFloor,NewYork,ny10006,USA 477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,vic3207,Australia 314–321,3rdFloor,Plot3,SplendorForum,JasolaDistrictCentre,NewDelhi–110025,India 79AnsonRoad,#06–04/06,Singapore079906 CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107020771 doi:10.1017/9781139107334 ©CambridgeUniversityPress2019 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2019 PrintedintheUnitedKingdombyTJInternationalLtd,PadstowCornwall AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. isbn978-1-107-02077-1Hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof URLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. University of Western Ontario, on 17 Nov 2019 at 10:26:43, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/CF007B7F5788F1C89C1C541095FCF555 CONTENTS ListofFiguresandTables pagex ListofMaps xiii Preface xv SixDynastiesChronology xviii Introduction 1 part 1 history 25 1 Wei 27 byRAFE DE CRESPIGNY Prologue:TheFallofHan(189) 27 CivilWarandtheRiseofCaoCao(190–200) 28 DevelopmentofaState(200–208) 32 TheLimitsofExpansion(208–217) 35 FromKingdomtoEmpire(216–220) 39 CaoPiandCaoRui(220–239) 42 CaoShuang,SimaYi,andtheFallofWei(239–265) 46 2 Wu 50 byRAFE DE CRESPIGNY SunJian(c.155–191)andSunCe(175–200) 50 SunQuanandtheKingdomofWu(200–222) 52 TheEmpireofSunQuan(222–252) 57 TheSuccessiontoSunQuanandtheFallofWu(252–280) 61 3 Shu-Han 66 byJ. MICHAEL FARMER Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. University of Otago Library, on 17 Nov 2019 at 10:29:22, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/11E8D75D833F1B03124A5FF745CD1DEB iv contents TheShuRegionintheLateHan 66 TheReignofLiuYanandLiuZhang 67 LiuBei’sConquestofYiProvince 68 TheReignofLiuBei(214–223) 70 TheReignofLiuShan(223–263) 73 4 WesternJin 79 byDAMIEN CHAUSSENDE ThePrehistoryoftheJin:TheRiseoftheSimaClanunder theWei 79 TheReignofEmperorWu(266–290) 84 TheDisturbancesoftheEightPrincesandtheFallofthe WesternJin 92 5 EasternJin 96 byCHARLES HOLCOMBE TheFoundingoftheEasternJinDynasty(317–420) 96 ÉmigrésandNatives 98 WangDun’sRebellion 103 Great-FamilyPolitics 106 HuanWen 109 TheBattleoftheFeiRiver 112 TheEndoftheEasternJin 114 AnEvaluation 117 6 TheSixteenKingdoms 119 byCHARLES HOLCOMBE TheEmergingThreat 119 TheRoadstotheFeiRiver 125 AftertheFeiRiverEncounter 137 7 Cheng-HanState 145 byTERRY F. KLEEMAN 8 NorthernWei 155 bySCOTT PEARCE TheMakingofaDynasty 155 TheMakingofaNation 159 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. University of Otago Library, on 17 Nov 2019 at 10:29:22, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/11E8D75D833F1B03124A5FF745CD1DEB contents v CompletionoftheConquests 164 JustifyingtheRealm 168 TheGrowthofAbsolutism 171 TheDynasty’sFall 178 TheShadowoftheTabgač 182 9 EasternWei–NorthernQi 184 byALBERT E. DIEN Introduction 184 Geography 184 FinalYearsoftheNorthernWeiDynasty 186 TheEasternWeiDynasty 193 TheNorthernQiDynasty 197 Conclusions 208 10 WesternWei–NorthernZhou 210 byALBERT E. DIEN 11 TheSouthernDynasties 237 byANDREW CHITTICK TheFoundingYears,420–453 241 FactionalStrifeandtheEndoftheSongDynasty,453–478 248 CivilianRealignmentandRenewedFactionalismunder theQiDynasty,478–501 254 TheReignofLiangEmperorWu,502–549 259 Collapse,Reconsolidation,andConquest,548–589 265 Conclusion 271 part 2 society and realia 273 12 TheArtofWar 275 byDAVID A. GRAFF PatternsofConflict 275 ToolsandTechniquesofWar 283 MilitaryInstitutions 289 13 ForeignRelations 296 byCHARLES HOLCOMBE TheInvestitureSystem 297 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. University of Otago Library, on 17 Nov 2019 at 10:29:22, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/11E8D75D833F1B03124A5FF745CD1DEB vi contents TheNortheasternInteractionZone 299 SouthernSeaLanes 303 NorthwestPassages 305 14 TheNorthernEconomy 309 byVICTOR CUNRUI XIONG LandTenure,Taxation,andCorvéeLabor 309 Money 317 ManufacturingandTrade 319 Population 323 Urbanism 326 15 TheSouthernEconomy 330 byLIU SHUFEN Foreword 330 TheNewÉmigrésComingfromtheNorth 331 TheSouthernAboriginesandtheSixDynastiesRegimes 337 Commerce 346 Coinage 350 Conclusion 353 16 Agriculture 355 byFRANCESCA BRAY TheQiminYaoshu:TheAuthorandHisArt 357 BestFarmingPracticeinNorthChina 361 ABookofItsTime 365 EstateandPeasantinNorthernChina 368 AgricultureintheSouth 371 17 TheHistoryofSogdiansinChina 374 byRONG XINJIANG 18 NorthernMaterialCulture 384 bySHING MÜLLER FromGrayPotterytoPorcelaneousStoneware 384 Lacquer:AnInheritedFascination 390 Jade,Glass,andEverythingColorfulandGlittering 392 Bronze,Iron,andOtherMetals 396 PaperandStone:NewMediaforWritingandArtwork 404 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. University of Otago Library, on 17 Nov 2019 at 10:29:22, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/11E8D75D833F1B03124A5FF745CD1DEB contents vii NewWeaves,GoldWeaves,andthe“Xianbei”Garb 406 Tents,RoofedDwellings,andInteriors 410 ParticularitiesinSepulchralCustoms 413 Conclusion 416 19 SouthernMaterialCulture 418 byANNETTE KIESER Introduction 418 SouthernTombsbeforetheNorthernInflux:Wuand WesternJin 419 SouthernTombsaftertheNorthernInflux:EasternJin andSouthernDynasties 432 Conclusion 441 20 Women,Families,andGenderedSociety 443 byJEN-DER LEE IntroductionthroughtheLifeofaNun 443 WomeninConfucianFamilyEthics 446 AristocraticWivesDefyingMaritalHierarchy 447 MaternalBondsChallengingPatriarchywhileReinforcing Reproduction 449 TheWidowedandtheUnmarried:ReligionasanAlternative 453 WomenRulersasFamilyRoles 456 ConcludingRemarks 458 21 LocalSociety 460 byHOU XUDONG Introduction 460 Lower-LevelSettlements 461 Base-LevelAdministrationofLocalGovernment 463 CompositionofResidentHouseholds 466 ActivitiesandOrganizationsofCommoners 473 part 3 culture, religion, and art 481 22 ConfucianLearningandInfluence 483 byKEITH N. KNAPP TheInfluenceofConfucianism 484 ClassicalLearning 485 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. University of Otago Library, on 17 Nov 2019 at 10:29:22, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/11E8D75D833F1B03124A5FF745CD1DEB viii contents ConfucianEducation 486 BroadLearning 488 ImperialSchools 490 Examinations 493 Ritual 495 TheMajorThinkersofSixDynastiesConfucianism 499 Conclusion 509 23 QingtanandXuanxue 511 byYUET KEUNG LO TheIntellectualScene 512 Qingtan 514 XuanandXuanxue 522 24 Buddhism 531 byJOHN KIESCHNICK BuddhismatCourt 533 Monasticism 539 Devotion 547 Conclusion 551 25 Daoism 553 bySTEPHEN R. BOKENKAMP 26 PopularReligion 579 byROBERT FORD CAMPANY LocalGods,TheirTemples,andAssociatedPractices:Domestic Deities 582 Demons,Sprites,andAnimals 587 SpiritsoftheHumanDead 589 Specialists 592 Conclusion 595 27 TheWorldofProseLiterature 597 byANTJE RICHTER TheLiteraryHeritageoftheSixDynasties 597 LiteratureinaWebofInterconnections:AFourth-Century Example 599 LiteraryCirclesatCourtsandBeyond 603 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. University of Otago Library, on 17 Nov 2019 at 10:29:22, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/11E8D75D833F1B03124A5FF745CD1DEB contents ix TheRiseofLiteraryCriticism 609 GenresofLifeWriting 614 City,Countryside,andWilderness 617 LiteraryImaginationandNarrativeArt 619 28 TheWorldofPoetry 623 byCYNTHIA L. CHENNAULT Introduction 623 YuefuandShioftheWeiStateandDynasty 626 ThematicDiversificationduringtheWesternandEasternJin 633 NaturePoetry,Yuefu,andOtherLyricsoftheLiu-Song 639 PoetryoftheSouthernQiandLiangSalons 645 PoetryofNorthChinaandtheChenDynasty 654 Conclusion 660 29 ArtandVisualCulture 662 byWU HUNG FuneraryArt 663 ReligiousArt 676 PaintingandCalligraphy 687 30 Music 698 byBO LAWERGREN Introduction:TheBackgroundtoSixDynastiesMusic 698 ImportationofKucheanMusictoNorthernChina 699 BuddhismandMusic 701 ChineseInstruments 702 InstrumentsoftheSixDynastiesPeriod 703 MusicTheory 719 Conclusion 720 Bibliography AbbreviationsofFrequentlyCitedPrimarySources 721 JournalTitles:Acronyms(single-wordtitlesdonot useacronyms) 722 ListofAsianJournalTitles 725 PrimaryTexts 729 GeneralBibliography 733 Glossary–Index 839 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. University of Otago Library, on 17 Nov 2019 at 10:29:22, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/11E8D75D833F1B03124A5FF745CD1DEB