the cambridge history of AFRICAN AND CARIBBEAN LITERATURE ∗ ThishistoryoffersnewperspectivesonAfricanandCaribbeanlit- erature.Itprovidesthegeneralcoverageandspecificinformation expectedofamajorhistory.Chaptersaddresstheliteratureitself, thepracticesandconditionsofitscomposition,anditscomplex relationshipwithAfricansocialandgeopoliticalhistory.Thebook providesanintroductiontotheentirebodyofproductionsthat canbeconsideredtocomprisethefieldofAfricanliterature,de- finedbothbyimaginativeexpressioninAfricaitselfandtheblack diaspora. It also accounts for the specific historical and cultural contextinwhichthisexpressionhasbeenmanifestedinAfricaand the Caribbean: the formal particularities of the literary corpus, bothoralandwritten,thatcanbeascribedtothetwoareas,and thediversityofmaterialandtextscoveredbytherepresentative works.ThismagisterialhistoryofAfricanliteratureisanessential resourceforspecialistsandstudents. ProfessorF.AbiolaIreleisProfessorofAfro-AmericanStudiesand RomanceLanguagesandLiteraturesatHarvardUniversity.Hispubli- cationsincludeanannotatededitionofSelectedPoemsofLe´opoldSe´dar Senghor(1977),TheAfricanExperienceinLiteratureandIdeology(1981; reprinted1990),andanannotatededitionofAime´Ce´saire’sCahierd’un retouraupaysnatal(1994;secondedition1999),aswellasnumerousarti- clesandreviewsandarecentvolumeofessays,TheAfricanImagination (2001).HeisacontributingeditortothenewNortonAnthologyofWorld LiteratureandiscurrentlyeditorofResearchinAfricanLiteratures.Heis generaleditoroftheseriesCambridgeStudiesinAfricanandCaribbean Literature. SimonGikandiisRobertHaydenProfessorofEnglishLanguageand LiteratureattheUniversityofMichigan,AnnArbor.Hisbooksin- cludeReadingtheAfricanNovel,ReadingChinuaAchebe,WritinginLimbo: ModernismandCaribbeanLiterature,MapsofEnglishness:WritingIdentity intheCultureofColonialism,andNgugiwaThiong’o. Heisthegeneral editorofTheEncyclopediaofAfricanLiterature. Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF AFRICAN AND CARIBBEAN LITERATURE ∗ VOLUME 1 ∗ Editedby F. ABIOLA IRELE and SIMON GIKANDI Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 published by the press syndicate of the university of cambridge ThePittBuilding,TrumpingtonStreet,Cambridge,UnitedKingdom cambridge university press TheEdinburghBuilding,Cambridgecb22ru,uk 40West20thStreet,NewYork,ny10011-4211,usa 477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,vic3207,Australia RuizdeAlarco´n13,28014Madrid,Spain DockHouse,TheWaterfront,CapeTown8001,SouthAfrica http://www.cambridge.org (cid:2)C CambridgeUniversityPress2004 Thisbookisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithout thewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2004 PrintedintheUnitedKingdomattheUniversityPress,Cambridge TypefaceDanteMT10.5/13pt SystemLATEX2ε [tb] AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongresscataloginginpublicationdata Irele,Abiola. TheCambridgehistoryofAfricanandCaribbeanliterature/editedbyF.AbiolaIreleand SimonGikandi. p. cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. isbn0521594340(hardback) 1.Literature–Blackauthors–Historyandcriticism. i.Gikandi,Simon ii.Title. pn841.174 2003 809(cid:3).8896–dc21 2003046121 Volume1 isbn0521832756 Onlyavailableasatwo-volumeset isbn0521594340hardback Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Contents Notesoncontributors ix Preface xi Acknowledgments xxi Chronology xxii Maps xxxvii Volume1 1·Africaandorality liz gunner 2·Thefolktaleanditsextensions kwesi yankah 3·Festivals,ritual,anddramainAfrica tejumola olaniyan 4·ArabandBerberoraltraditionsinNorthAfrica sabra webber 5·HeroicandpraisepoetryinSouthAfrica lupenga mphande 6·Africanoralepics isidore okpewho 7·TheoraltraditionintheAfricandiaspora maureen warner-lewis v Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Contents 8·CarnivalandthefolkoriginsofWestIndiandrama keith q. warner 9·Africaandwriting alain ricard 10·Ethiopianliterature teodros kiros 11·AfricanliteratureinArabic farida abu-haidar 12·TheSwahililiterarytradition:aninterculturalheritage alamin m. mazrui 13·AfricaandtheEuropeanRenaissance sylvie kande´ 14·Theliteratureofslaveryandabolition moira ferguson 15·Discoursesofempire robert eric livingston 16·African-languageliteraturesofsouthernAfrica daniel p. kunene 17·Gikuyuliterature:developmentfromearly ChristianwritingstoNgu˜g˜ı’s laternovels ann biersteker 18·TheemergenceofwrittenHausaliterature ousseina alidou 19·LiteratureinYoru`ba´:poetryandprose;travelingtheater andmoderndrama karin barber vi Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Contents 20·Africanliteratureandthecolonialfactor simon gikandi 21·Theformativejournalsandinstitutions milton krieger 22·LiteratureinAfrikaans ampie coetzee Volume2 23·EastAfricanliteratureinEnglish simon gikandi 24·AnglophoneliteratureofCentralAfrica flora veit-wild anthony chennells and 25·WestAfricanliteratureinEnglish:beginningstothemid-seventies dan izevbaye 26·SouthAfricanliteratureinEnglish david attwell 27·AfricanliteratureinFrench:sub-SaharanAfricaduring thecolonialperiod mildred mortimer 28·NorthAfricanliteratureinFrench patricia geesey 29·FrancophoneliteraturesoftheIndianOcean be´ne´dicte mauguie`re 30·AfricanliteratureinSpanish m’bare n’gom vii Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Contents 31·AfricanliteratureinPortuguese russell g. hamilton 32·PopularliteratureinAfrica ode s. ogede 33·CaribbeanliteratureinFrench:originsanddevelopment nick nesbitt 34·CaribbeanliteratureinSpanish lizabeth paravisini-gebert 35·AnglophoneCaribbeanliterature elaine savory 36·TheHarlemRenaissanceandtheNegritudemovement f. abiola irele 37·PostcolonialCaribbeanidentities j. michael dash 38·Africanliteratureandpost-independencedisillusionment derek wright 39·“Postcolonial”AfricanandCaribbeanliterature adele king 40·ModernismandPostmodernisminAfricanliterature ato quayson Index viii Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Notes on contributors faridaabu-haidariswiththeInstituteofLinguistsinLondon. ouessinaalidouisaprofessorintheDepartmentofAfricanaStudiesofRutgersUniversity, Piscataway,NewJersey. davidattwellisChairoftheDepartmentofEnglishintheSchoolofLanguage,Culture, andCommunicationoftheUniversityofNatal,Pietermaritzburg,SouthAfrica. karinbarberisProfessorofAfricanCulturalAnthropologyattheCentreofWestAfrican Studies,UniversityofBirmingham,England. annbierstekerisaprofessorwithAfricanandAfricanAmericanStudiesatYaleUniversity. anthony chennells is a professor in the Department of English at the University of Zimbabwe,inMountPleasant,Harare. ampiecoetzeeisSeniorProfessorofAfrikaansLiteratureattheUniversityoftheWestern Cape,Bellville(nearCapeTown),SouthAfrica. j.michaeldashisProfessorofFrenchatNewYorkUniversity. moirafergusonisProfessorofEnglishattheUniversityofMissouri-KansasCity. patriciageeseyisAssociateProfessorofFrenchattheUniversityofNorthFlorida. simongikandiisProfessorofEnglishLanguageandLiteratureattheUniversityofMichigan inAnnArbor. lizgunnerisamemberoftheDepartmentofEnglishattheUniversityofNatal,Scottsville inSouthAfrica. russell g. hamilton is Professor Emeritus of Lusophone African, Brazilian, and PortugueseLiteraturesatVanderbiltUniversity. f.abiolaireleisProfessorofAfro-AmericanStudiesandRomanceLanguagesandLiter- aturesatHarvardUniversity. danizevbayeisaprofessorintheFacultyofArtsattheUniversityofFortHareinSouth Africa. sylviekande´isanindependentscholarresidinginNewYork. adelekingisProfessorofFrenchatBallStateUniversityinMuncie,Indiana. teodroskirosisProfessorofPhilosophyatSuffolkUniversityinBoston. milton krieger is with the Department of Liberal Studies of Western Washington UniversityinBellingham. danielp.kuneneisaprofessorintheDepartmentofAfricanLanguagesandLiteratureat theUniversityofWisconsin,Madison. robertericlivingstonisAssociateDirectoroftheInstituteforCollaborativeResearch andPublicHumanitiesattheOhioStateUniversityinColumbus. ix Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Notesoncontributors be´ne´dictemauguie`reisProfessorofFrancophoneStudiesattheUniversityofLouisiana atLafayette. alaminmazruiisaprofessorintheDepartmentofAfricanAmericanandAfricanStudies attheOhioStateUniversityinColumbus. mildredmortimerisProfessorofFrenchattheUniversityofColoradoinBoulder. lupengamphandeiswiththeDepartmentofAfricanAmericanandAfricanStudiesatthe OhioStateUniversityinColumbus. nick nesbittisaprofessorintheDepartmentofFrenchatMiamiUniversityinOxford, Ohio. m’baren’gomisChairoftheDepartmentofForeignLanguagesatMorganStateUniversity inBaltimore. ode s. ogede is a professor in the Department of English at North Carolina Central UniversityinDurham. isidoreokpewhoisaprofessorintheDepartmentofAfro-AmericanandAfricanStudies attheStateUniversityofNewYork-Binghamton. tejumola olaniyaniswiththeDepartmentofAfricanLanguagesandLiteratureatthe UniversityofWisconsininMadison. lizabethparavisini-gebertisaprofessorintheDepartmentofHispanicStudiesatVassar CollegeinPoughkeepsie,NewYork. atoquaysoniswiththeDepartmentofEnglishinPembrokeCollege,Cambridge. alainricardiswiththeCentred’Etuded’AfriqueNoireoftheUniversite´sdeBordeaux, France. elaine savory is Director of the Literature Program at the New School University, NewYorkCity. flora veit-wild isamemberofthePhilosophischeFakulta¨tIII,Asien-undAfrikawis- senschaftenofHumbolt-Universita¨tzuBerlin. keithq.warnerisProfessorofFrenchandCaribbeanStudiesatGeorgeMasonUniversity, Fairfax,Virginia. maureen warner-lewisisProfessorofAfrican-CaribbeanLanguageandOratureinthe DepartmentofLiteraturesinEnglish,UniversityoftheWestIndies,Mona,Jamaica. sabrawebberisanAssociateProfessor,withajointappointmentintheDepartmentsof NearEasternLanguagesandCulturesandComparativeStudiesintheHumanitiesat theOhioStateUniversityinColumbus. derekwrightisProfessorofEnglishattheUniversityofQueenslandinBrisbane,Australia. kwesiyankahisaprofessorattheUniversityofGhanainLegon. x Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Preface InherinaugurallectureasProfessorofEnglishatUniversityCollege,Ibadan, Molly Mahood justified the formal study of English literature in an African universityonthegroundsthattheEnglishlanguagewasuniquelyplacedtoplay asignificantroleintheemergenceofnewnationalliteraturesintheAfrican territories under British rule, as part of the process of their transformation intonationalentitiesthatthecolonialsituationhadinevitablysetinmotion. Invokingtheprecedentestablishedintheearlypartofthetwentiethcentury bythesignalcontributionofIrishwriterstotherenewalofEnglish,Mahood envisionedaparalleldevelopmentinwhichcreativewritersinAfricawould function as effective bearers of an original imagination, rooted in the local culture, and forging out of the common experience a new and compelling expressioninEnglish.HerintimationofaliteraryrenaissanceinAfricabasedon Englishwasfurtherpremisedonasociologicalobservationthattookaccount of the progressive rise of a national elite educated in a common language, thatofthecolonizer,andfromwhoserankswouldarisenotonlythecreative writersbutalsoanewreadingpublic,andinparticularacadreofinformed critics,respondingtotheirworkintermsfamiliartobothwriterandpublic andthusservingastheprimaryaudienceforthenewliterature.Inherview, theuniversityinAfricacouldthusberegardedastheenablingenvironment fortheformationofanewliteraryculture,inwhatStanleyFishwaslaterto call “an interpretive community,” for which the colonial language stood to functionasthedeterminingcohesiveelement(Mahood1955). ThemainpointofMahood’sargumentwhichhastodowiththepotential fortheriseofanewliteratureinEnglishwassoontobefullyverifiedinthe Nigerian context that was the immediate focus of her attention. Although Cyprian Ekwensi and Amos Tutuola were already published writers by the timeshedeliveredherlecture,thesignificanceoftheirworkasharbingersofa newliteraryculturewastobeheightenedbytheappearancein1958ofChinua Achebe’s novel, Things Fall Apart, a work that has since established itself as xi Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
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