The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 8: From c. 1940 to c. 1975

977 Pages·1985·15.73 MB·English

by  Michael Crowder

THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY
OF AFRICA
General Editors: J. D. FAGE and ROLAND OLIVER
Volume 8
from c. 1940 to c. 1975
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
T HE C A M B R I D GE
H I S T O RY OF
A F R I CA
Volume 8
from c. 1940 to c. 1975
edited by
MICHAEL C R O W D ER
I CAMBRIDGE
UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE
The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK
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http://www. cambridge.org
© Cambridge University Press 1984
This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without
the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 1984
Reprinted 1988, 199;, 1999, 2000, 2003
Printed and bound in the United Kingdom
at the University Press, Cambridge
Library of Congress catalogue card number: 76—2261
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
The Cambridge history of Africa
Vol. 8: From c. 1940 to c. 197;
1. Africa — History
I. Crowder, Michael
960 DT20
ISBN 0 ;2i 22409 8 (v. 8)
UP
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
C O N T E N TS
List of figures page x
Preface xiii
Introduction i
by MICHAEL CROWDER, Professor of History,
University of Botswana
The Second World War: prelude to decolonisation
in Africa 8
by MICHAEL CROWDER
The course of the war on African soil 15
The impact of the Second World War on the
colonial powers 20
The impact of the Second World War on
Africans 29
Colonial reforms 40
Conclusion 47
Decolonisation and the problems of independence 5 2
by the late BILLY J. DUDLEY, formerly Department
of Political Science, University of Ibadan
Paths to independence 54
The constitutional inheritance 64
The bureaucracy and the economy 70
Social mobilisation 75
The military and militarism 87
Political leadership and political succession 93
Pan-Africanism since 1940
95
by IAN DUFFIELD, Department of History,
University of Edinburgh
The 1945 Pan-African Congress 101
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
CONTENTS
The African diaspora and post-194 5
Pan-Africanism 104
The road to the Organisation of African Unity 109
Nationalism, regionalism and African unity 117
Pan-Africanism and the armed liberation
struggles 126
Pan-Africanism and world affairs 131
Pan-Africanism and culture 13 8
4 Social and cultural change l 4z
by J. D. Y. PEEL, Professor of Sociology, University
of Liverpool
Patterns of migration 145
The growth of towns 15 o
Changing bases of identity 15 3
Class formation 162
State and society 184
Cultural change 187
5 The economic evolution of developing Africa 192
by ADEBAYO ADEDEJI, United Nations
Under-Secretary-General and Executive Secretary,
Economic Commission for Africa
The colonial economy on the eve of the Second
World War 193
The performance of the African economy,
1940-75 196
Structural and sectoral changes 205
The search for economic integration 2 31
Africa and the international economy 238
Conclusion 248
6 Southern Africa 251
by FRANCIS WILSON, Professor of Economics,
University of Cape Town
Industrial revolution in South Africa, 1936-76 260
Politics 1936-60 277
South Africa's neighbours 294
Maintaining the white republic, 1961-76 301
The struggle for liberation, 1961-77 310
Conclusion 328
vi
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CONTENTS
7 English-speaking West Africa 3 31
by DAVID WILLIAMS
The impact of the Second World War 3 33
Decolonisation 3 3 8
The problems of independence 3 5 5
Social, cultural and educational
developments 3 71
Regional relations 375
Economics 377
Conclusion 3 81
8 East and Central Africa 383
by CHERRY GERTZEL, School of Social Sciences,
The Flinders University of South Australia
Political and constitutional development 385
Economic development 416
Social change 431
Education 444
Inter-state and external relations 451
9 The Horn of Africa 458
by CHRISTOPHER CLAPHAM, Department of
Politics, University of Lancaster
The setting 458
The restored Ethiopian empire, 1941-52 461
The peripheral administrations 464
Politicisation and its outcome 467
Political decay and revolution 473
Regional and international relationships 480
Social and economic change 484
Urbanisation and education 487
Economic development 492
Agriculture 496
Conclusion 5 00
10 Egypt, Libya and the Sudan 502
by HANS-HEINO KOPIETZ,
and PAMELA ANN SMITH
Decolonisation and independence 504
International relations 546
Social and cultural change 5 5
vii
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CONTENTS
Economic development 5 5 5
Conclusion 5 61
11 The Maghrib 5 64
by CLEMENT HENRY MOORE, Visiting Professor,
American University of Beirut
The struggle for independence 5 66
The independent regimes 5 82
Strategies of development 5 94
Foreign affairs 604
12 French-speaking tropical Africa 611
by RUTH SCHACHTER MORGENTHAU,
Department of Political Science, Brandeis University
and LUCY CREEVEY BEHRMAN, University of
Pennsylvania
Formal political decolonisation 615
Political parties and leaders, 1944-60 625
The difficulties of nation-building, 1960-75 636
Social, economic and cultural change 649
International relations 663
13 Madagascar 674
by BONAR A. G ow
Political and constitutional history:
pre-independence 674
Political and constitutional history:
post-independence 680
Social and cultural change 685
Educational development 689
Economic development 692
14 Zaire, Rwanda and Burundi 698
by M. CRAWFORD YOUNG, Department of Political
Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison
The rise of nationalism 707
Independence and crisis in Zaire 717
Internationalisation of the * Congo crisis' 722
The New Regime, 1965-75 731
Rwanda: consolidation of the Hutu regime 734
viii
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
CONTENTS
Burundi: from monarchy to Tutsi republicanism,
1962-75 73 5
Economic change 739
Social and cultural change 743
Educational development 749
International relations 751
15 Portuguese-speaking Africa 755
by BASIL DAVIDSON
Colonial continuity and expansion, 1945-60 758
The rise of nationalism 764
Developments in colonial policy, 1961-75 772
The fight for independence, 1961—75 780
The politics of liberation: theory and practice 798
Appendix: Equatorial Guinea, c. 1940 to 1975 806
Bibliographical essays 811
Bibliography 905
Index 963
ix
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
FIGURES
1 Africa, 1940 page 3
2 Africa, 1975 6
3 Africa, 1946 19
4 Africa: the path to independence, 1956-66 55
5 Major vegetation zones 194
6 Primary commodities - export prices indices 202
7 Developing Africa: structure of gross domestic
product, 1960-75 206
8 Staple and cash crops 210
9 Cash crops 211
10 Factory workers as a proportion of the total population 217
11 Transport 222
12 Regional and sub-regional organisations for co­
operation and integration 234
13 Exports and imports in developing Africa, 1960-75 239
14 Balance of payments deficits in developing Africa,
1960-75 242
15 The Republic of South Africa, Swaziland and Lesotho 2 5 4
16 Namibia and Botswana 256
17 Ghana 342
18 Nigeria, 1964 347
19 Sierra Leone and Liberia 3 51
20 Nigeria: the 12 states 363
21 The Gambia 368
22 Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania 384
23 Rhodesia, Zambia and Malawi 388
24 Ethiopia, Somalia and the French Territory of the
Afars and Issas 459
25 Egypt 505
26 The Sudan 521
27 Libya 535
28 The Maghrib c. 1975 565
x
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008