The Cambridge Handbook of Labor in Competition Law PDF
Preview The Cambridge Handbook of Labor in Competition Law
the cambridge handbook of labor in competition law As scholars and policymakers around the world seek a systematic approach to the question of “gig work,”oneofitsregulatorydimensions theintersectionoflaborandcompetitionlaw pointstoward adeeperreconceptualizationoftheconventionallegalandeconomiccategoriestypicallybroughtto bearupontheissueofgigwork.Acomparativeapproachtothequestionofgigworkfurtherrevealsthe variety and contingency of background assumptions that are often overlooked in the context of domesticpolicydebates.Bycombiningadetailedcomparativedoctrinalsurveyoftheregulationof nonemployee workers in domestic competition law systems with a set of essays reframing the underlying questions raised in terms of international legal frameworks, freedom of association norms,alternativeapproachestolawandeconomics,andmore TheCambridgeHandbookofLabor inCompetitionLawmovesthedebatesoverthefissuredworkplaceandthelabor competitionlaw intersectionforwardinnovelways. SanjuktaPaulisAssistantProfessorofLawatWayneStateUniversityLawSchool.Shehaspublished extensivelyonantitrustandlaborlaw,andistheauthoroftheforthcomingSolidarityintheShadowof Antitrust:LaborandtheLegalIdeaofCompetition(Cambridge). ShaeMcCrystalisProfessorofLabourLawattheUniversityofSydneyLawSchool.Sheisanexpert ontheintersectionoflaborandcompetitionlawand,mostrecently,iscoauthorofStrikeBallots,Law andDemocracy(2020). Ewan McGaughey is a Reader in Law at King’s College, London and a research associate at the Centre for Business Research, University of Cambridge. His latest books include Principles of EnterpriseLaw:theEconomicConstitutionandHumanRights(Cambridge,2022)andAVeryShort IntroductiontotheCorporation(2022). Published online by Cambridge University Press Published online by Cambridge University Press The Cambridge Handbook of Labor in Competition Law Editedby SANJUKTA PAUL WayneStateUniversity SHAE MCCRYSTAL UniversityofSydney EWAN MCGAUGHEY King’sCollegeLondon Published online by Cambridge University Press UniversityPrintingHouse,Cambridgecb28bs,UnitedKingdom OneLibertyPlaza,20thFloor,NewYork,ny10006,USA 477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,vic3207,Australia 314 321,3rdFloor,Plot3,SplendorForum,JasolaDistrictCentre, NewDelhi 110025,India 103PenangRoad,#05 06/07,VisioncrestCommercial,Singapore238467 CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781108830317 doi:10.1017/9781108909570 ©CambridgeUniversityPress2022 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2022 AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. isbn9781108830317Hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof URLsforexternalorthirdpartyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. Published online by Cambridge University Press Contents ListofContributors pagevii Preface ix 1 LaborinCompetitionLaw:Introduction 1 SanjuktaPaul 2 CollectiveLabourRightsforWorkingPeople:TheLegalFramework EstablishedbytheInternationalLabourOrganization 11 ToniaNovitz 3 EconomicCoordinationasFreedomofAssociation 27 AlanBogg 4 TheState’sPowertoGoverninThisFieldIsParamount:Antitrust, Labor,andtheFirstAmendment 57 CharlotteGarden 5 CompetitionLawasCollectiveBargainingLaw 72 NathanTankusandLukeHerrine 6 Antitrust,FreeTrade,andFissuring 96 ErikPeinert 7 AmericanAntitrustExceptionalism 113 SanjuktaPaulandSandeepVaheesan 8 CompetitionandLabourLawinCanada:TheContestableMargins ofLegalToleration 127 EricTucker 9 WorkersandCompetitionLawinJapan 141 MasakoWakui 10 WorkersandCompetitionLawinAustralia:ThePublicBenefits ofCollectiveBargaining 154 ShaeMcCrystal v Published online by Cambridge University Press vi Contents 11 WorkersandCompetitionLawinNewZealand 169 DawnDuncan 12 CompetitionLawandLabourLaw:SouthAfrica 183 D.M.Davis 13 WorkersandCompetitionLawinIndia:Worker’AssociationsAreMostly NotCartels 193 SupriyaRouth 14 CompetitionandLabourLawintheUnitedKingdom:History,Theory andPractice 208 EwanMcGaughey 15 ASolutioninSearchofaProblem?:CollectiveRightsandtheAntitrust LabourExemptioninItaly 223 AntonioAloisiandElenaGramano 16 CompetitionandLabourLawinGermany:LegitimateCartels? 239 MajaBeisenherz 17 LabourLawandCompetitionLawUnderFrenchRegulation 253 LaetitiaDriguez 18 CompetitionLaw,CartelsandCollectiveBargaining:AnIrishGoodbye? 266 MichaelDoherty 19 TheEU,CompetitionLawandWorkersRights 280 NicolaCountouris,ValerioDeStefanoandIoannisLianos 20 IsSouthAmericanCollectiveLaborLawConfrontedbyCompetitionLaw?: APreliminaryApproachConsideringExistingChallenges 298 PabloArellanoOrtiz 21 Conclusion:TheThemesof‘LabourinCompetitionLaw’ 309 ShaeMcCrystalandEwanMcGaughey Published online by Cambridge University Press Contributors AntonioAloisiisMarieSklodowskaCurieFellowandAssistantProfessorofLabourLawatIE LawSchool,IEUniversity,Madrid. Pablo Arellano Ortiz is Labour Law Specialist at the Labour Law and Reform Unit, Governance and Tripartism Department, International Labour Office (ILO) and Researcher, SchoolofLaw,PontificiaUniversidadCato´licadeValparaı´so,Chile. MajaBeisenherzisalawyerinGermany,andcertifiedspecialistforlabourlawandintellectual propertylaw. AlanBoggisProfessorinLawattheUniversityofBristolLawSchool. Nicola Countouris is Professor of Labour Law and European Law at University College London. D.M.DavisisHonoraryProfessorofLawattheUniversityofCapetownandUniversityofthe Witwatersrand.HewasjudgepresidentoftheCompetitionAppealCourtofSouthAfricafrom 2000to2020. ValerioDeStefanoisAssociateProfessoratOsgoodeHallLawSchool. MichaelDohertyisProfessorofLawatMaynoothUniversity. Laetitia Driguez is Associate Professor at the Sorbonne Law School (University of Paris IPanthe´onSorbonne),IREDIES. DawnDuncanisLecturerinLabourLawattheUniversityofOtago,FacultyofLaw. CharlotteGardenisProfessorofLawatSeattleUniversitySchoolofLaw. ElenaGramanoisAssistantProfessorofLabourLawatBocconiUniversity,Milan. LukeHerrineisadoctoralcandidateatYaleLawSchool. IoannisLianosisProfessorofGlobalCompetitionLawandPublicPolicy,UniversityCollege London. ShaeMcCrystalisProfessorofLabourLaw,TheUniversityofSydneyLawSchool. EwanMcGaugheyisReaderinLaw,King’sCollegeLondonandResearchAssociate,Centrefor BusinessResearch,UniversityofCambridge. vii Published online by Cambridge University Press viii ListofContributors ToniaNovitzisProfessorofLabourLaw,UniversityofBristolLawSchool. SanjuktaPaulisAssistantProfessorofLawandRomanoStancroffResearchScholaratWayne StateUniversity. Erik Peinert is a postdoctoral research associate at the Watson Institute for International and PublicAffairsatBrownUniversity. SupriyaRouthisAssociateProfessor,FacultyofLaw,UniversityofVictoria. NathanTankusisResearchDirectorattheModernMoneyNetwork. EricTuckerisProfessorofLaw,OsgoodeHallLawSchool,YorkUniversity. SandeepVaheesanistheLegalDirectorattheOpenMarketsInstitute. MasakoWakuiisProfessorofLawatKyotoUniversity. Published online by Cambridge University Press Preface Theideaforthisvolumefirstcamefromoureditor,MattGallaway.ShaeandSanjuktametat theLLRN(LabourLawResearchNetwork)conferenceinAmsterdam,discoveringthattheyhad bothbeenworkingontheproblemofcompetitionlawinrelationtoworkbeyondtheboundsof employmentintheirrespectivejurisdictions.Subsequently,ShaevisitedDetroitinDecember, 2018 comingfromtheAustraliansummertotheMichiganwinter andtheplanforthebook was hashed out in earnest, including the decision to invite Ewan McGaughey onboard as an expertontheUKandEurope.Onemotivationfortheprojectwasofcoursetobringtogetherand begintosystematisethinkingacrossjurisdictionsonthecompetitionlawaspectsofworkinthe socalled gig economy. But a deeper motivation for the project was to begin to generate comparativeandinternationalperspectivesonthenascentnormativebroadeningwithincom petitionlawitself whichhaswork,workersandsmallerplayersatornearitscentre. Theriseofdigitallabourplatformsandthe‘gig’economyhasactedasacatalystfordebateover the legitimate role for competition law and policy in regulating the collective action rights of workingpeople.Theneedforthisdebateissignificantandpressing.Theproblemshighlighted by the gig economy are unlikely to be solved simply by relying on definitional expansion in labour law, which, while welcome, even when viable may invite further manipulation of boundariesbyeconomicallypowerfulactors.Andwhileinmanyjurisdictionstherearepromis ingsignsofashiftinapproachtodefiningcoverageoflabourregulation,thesearenotuniversal. For example, in Australia, a jurisdiction with a relatively enlightened regulatory structure for collectivebargainingforsmallbusinesses,theHighCourt(theapexcourt)inWorkpacv.Rossato [2021] HCA 23 has signalled a return to contractual formalism for employment contracts, in whichthewordingofanemploymentcontractwillbepreeminentindeterminingitsultimate form, leaving many workers in ‘employmentlike’ working conditions unable to argue that in reality their contract is one of employment. This unexpected change of approach within the common law of that country reinforces the importance of engaging with, and challenging, competition law regulation on its own terms, as part of a multipronged approach. Even in jurisdictions that embrace the broadest possible expansions of the category ‘employment’ (or another category triggering collective action rights), powerful firms may seek to evade those rightsbyfurtherreclassifyingworkersorgroupsofworkersas,forinstance,franchiseesorsimply tinyfirms.(SeehowUberreactedtotheprospectofanexpansivelegaldefinitionofemployment 1 inCalifornia,threateningtoreclassifydriversasfranchisees.)Thisdoesnotatallmeanthatsuch reformsshouldnotbepursued;itjustmeansthatthecompetitionlawissuesherecannotsimply allbeoutsourcedtolabourlaw. 1 VeenaDubal,https://onlabor.org/the-pitfalls-of-uber-and-lyft-as-franchisors/ ix https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108909570.001 Published online by Cambridge University Press x Preface It is within this context that this volume makes its contribution. To engage and challenge competitionlawonitsownterms,itisfirstimportanttounderstandhowitappliestoworking people,andthecontextinwhichthelawshavebeendeveloped.Ourgoalwastofirstsetoutthe theoretical, policy, economic and legal contexts for the intersection of competition law and collectiveactionbyworkingpeople,andthentomapthelawsastheyappliedacrossarangeof different jurisdictions internationally. From this comparative overview, we have sought to identifycommonalitiesanddifferences,andtoofferaclearandaccessibleexplicationofthese regulatory frameworks, particularly for those working within labour relations contexts where competition regulation is unfamiliar. We also hope that a comparative perspective on these issueswillhelptodestabilisecommonoperatingassumptionsthatoftenaretakentobeobvious orineluctable;whilethisoftenoccursinlaw,itisespeciallysalientincontemporarycompetition law.Thereismuchmoretodointhisrespect,butwehopethatthisvolumeisabeginning. We are grateful for and offer profusethanksto the wide ranging and very talented group of colleagues who agreed to contribute to this collection. They readily agreed to the challenge presentedbyourbrief.Thestrengthofthiscollectionisdowntotheircollectiveefforts. WealsothankCambridgeUniversityPress,andparticularlyMattGallaway,forhissupportfor theproject,rightfromthebeginning,andforhisendlesspatienceinallowingustogetouract together. We are grateful to Jadyn FauconierHerry, Laura Blake, Helen Kitto and Jayavel Radhakrishnanfortheirableassistanceinshepherdingusthroughtheproductionprocess. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108909570.001 Published online by Cambridge University Press
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