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The Cambridge Economic History of India: c.1751-c.1970 PDF

1063 Pages·1983·60.88 MB·English
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THE CAMBRIDGE ECONOMIC HISTORY OF INDIA General Editors; Dharma Kumar and Tapan Raychaudhuri Volume 2: c. \151-c. 1970 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 THE CAMBRIDGE ECONOMIC HISTORY OF INDIA Volume 2: c. MSl-c. 1970 edited by DHARMA KUMAR with the editorial assistance of MEGHNAD DESAI The right of the University of Cambridge to print and sell all manner of books was granted by Henry VIII in 1534. The University has printed and published continuously since 1584. CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS CAMBRIDGE NEW YORK PORT CHESTER MELBOURNE SYDNEY Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Published by the Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1RP 32 East 57th Street, New York, NY 10022, USA 10 Stamford Road, Oakleigh, Melbourne 3166, Australia © Cambridge University Press 1983 First published 1983 Reprinted 1989 Printed in Great Britain at the University Press, Cambridge British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data The Cambridge economic history of India. Vol.2: c. 1757-c. 1970 1. India-Economic conditions I. Kumar, Dharma 330.9'54 HC433 80-40454 ISBN 0 521 22802 6 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 CONTENTS List of maps viii List of tables ix Preface xvii PART I THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE I The mid-eighteenth-century background 3 by TAPAN RAYCHAUDHURI, Reader in Modern South Asian History, University of Oxford and Fellow of St Anthony's College II Agrarian Relations 36 1 Northern and Central India 36 by ERIC STOKES, Smuts Professor of the History of the British Commonwealth, University of Cambridge 2 Eastern India 86 byB. CHAUDHURI, Professor of Social and Economic History, University of Calcutta 3 Western India 177 by H. FUKAZAWA, Professor of South Asian Studies, Department of Economics, Hitotsubashi University 4 South India 207 by DHARMA KUMAR, Professor of Economic History, University of Delhi III Regional Economy (1757-1857) 242 1 North India 242 by TOM G. KESSINGER, Professor, South Asia Regional Studies, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania 2 Eastern India 270 I by S. BHATTACHARYA, Professor at the Centre for Historical Studies, School of Social Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi II by B. CHAUDHURI Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 VI CONTENTS 3 Western India 332 by V.D. DIVEKAR, Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics, Poona 4 South India 352 by DHARMA KUMAR IV National Income 376 by A. HESTON, Professor of South Asian Economics, University of Pennsylvania V Population (1757-1947) 463 byLEELA ViSARiAandPaAviN Vis ARIA, Sardar Pate I Institute of Economic and Social Research, Ahmedabad VI The Occupational Structure 533 by J. KRISHNAMURTY, Reader in Economics, University of Delhi PART II THE BEGINNINGS OF THE MODERN ECONOMY VII The Growth of Large-Scale Industry to 1947 553 by MORRIS D. MORRIS, Henry R. Luce Professor of Comparative Development, Brown University VIII Irrigation and Railways 677 1 Irrigation 677 by ELIZABETH WHITCOMBE 2 Railways 737 by JOHN M. HURD, Assistant Professor of Economics, Norwich University, Northfield, Vermont IX Money and Credit, 1858-1947 762 by A.G. CHANDAVARKAR, International Monetary Fund, Washington D. C. X Foreign Trade and Balance of Payments (1757-1947) 804 by K.N. CHAUDHURI, Professor of the Economic History of Asia, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London XI Price Movements and Fluctuations in Economic Activity (1860-1947) ' 878 by MICHELLE MCALPIN, Associate Professor of Economics, Tufts University Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 CONTENTS Vll XII The Fiscal System 905 by DHARMA KUMAR PART III POST-INDEPENDENCE DEVELOPMENTS XIII The Indian Economy since Independence (1947-70) 947 byA.VAiDYA NATHAN, Yellow at the Centre for Development Studies, Ulloor XIV The Pakistan Economy since Independence (1947-70) 995 by SWADESH R. BOSE, World Bank, Washington D.C. Glossary 1027 Bibliography Index 1048 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 MAPS 1 India in 1765 4 2 Stages in the expansion of British power to 1819 34 3 Systems of land revenue settlement 38 4 The Indian sub-continent in 1931, showing the five zones 491 5 Proportion of urban population to total population 1901 517 6 Proportion of urban population to total population 1961 518 7 Factory employment 1931 648 8 Factory employment 1961 650 9 Irrigation canal network 1901 685 10 Canal system in Sind 1899 715 11 Railways in 1931 744 12 Sectoral distribution of labour force and per capita income 966 1961 Map 1 is based on the Imperial Gazetteer 1931; Maps 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12 on A Historical Atlas of South Asia, edited by Joseph E. Schwartzberg, by permission of The University of Chicago Press, © 1978 by the Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved. Published 1978 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 TABLES 2.1 The land revenue in terms of pounds per acre in Bharuch 198 2.2 The distribution of raiyatwari land in British Gujarat 201 2.3 Changing patterns of land holdings in two villages in Maharashtra 201 2.4 Increase in wages for field labour in Bombay Presidency 206 2.5 Area of Madras Presidency under different tenures 228 3.1 Selections from occupational censuses of four north Indian cities 244 3.2 Selected insurance rates in central India, c. 1795-1820 246 3.3 Village Phalpota, 1848 250 3.4 Imports into Calcutta from the interior of the Presidency 253 3.5 North India's share of the internal trade of the Bengal Presidency 255 3.6 North Indian exports to Bengal in the late eighteenth century 257 3.7 Comparative transportation costs in north India, 1800-60 259 3.8 Cropping pattern (major crops) in the United Provinces and Punjab, c. 1840 260 3.9 Foreign trade in goods and bullion for selected years 359 4.1 Population and working force estimates 1857-1900 394 4.2 Estimated labour force by sector for all India in 1875 and 1895 396 4.3 A Net domestic product in 1946—7 prices of India by sectors (selected years, 1868-1900) 397 4.3B Net domestic product in 1946-7 prices of India by sectors, 1900-47 398 4.4 Value added per worker in 1946-7 prices, 1900 and 1947 402 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 X TABLES 4.5 Comparisons of measures of per capita income and real wages for India and south Asia, 1857-1950 402 4.6 Some social economic indicators for India, and other countries (selected years, 1857-1946) 410 4.7 Per capita income in India as a percentage of the us 415 4A.1 Estimates of per capita income in India for the period 1857-1900 422 4A.2 Base yields and prices and output per acre 427 4A.3 Crop yield trends 427 4A.4 Original acreage and trend series, original output, seasonalized output series, and ratios of fourth to third series 434 4A.5 Estimated acreage and output in 1946-7 436 4A.6 Some estimates of livestock in millions in India, 1873-4 to 1900-1 438 4A.7 Assumed rates of growth of livestock population and output of livestock sector 440 4A.8 Estimates of mineral and manufacturing production 1877-8 to 1906-7 441 4A.9 Jute export and production index, selected years 443 4A. 10 Estimated production of minerals, cotton textiles and jute textiles, selected years 443 4A.11 Indices of real wages and value added per worker 1857-1901 445 4A.12 Measures of provincial agricultural output at national and local prices of 1875 and 1922-4, and other provincial economic measures 455 5.1 Various estimates of the size of population in the Indian sub-continent, 1600-1901 466 5.2 Selected statistics relating to the population of Delhi, outside the 'Royal Palace', 1833 471 5.3 Life expectancy at birth and vital rates of model stable populations in which the proportions of deaths up to age 10 would equal those reported for Delhi, 1833 473 5.4 Mortality among the native and European armies in Bengal Presidency, 1828-32; among officers of the armies of Bengal, Bombay and Madras, 1828-32 and 1860—9 and among wives and children of European regiments, 1860—9 474 5.5 Mortality rates for the European army in Bengal, by age, 1830-3 and 1867 476 5.6 Estimates of population and birth rate in parts of central India and north India, 1820-3 and 1833 483 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008

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The Cambridge Economic History of India, published in two volumes, aims at tracing the changes in the economy of India from the thirteenth to the middle of the present century and beyond. The second volume covers the period 1757-1970, from the establishment of British rule to its termination, with e
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