The Cambridge Economic History of India: c.1751-c.1970

1063 Pages·1983·60.88 MB·English

by  Dharma Kumar

THE CAMBRIDGE
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF INDIA
General Editors; Dharma Kumar and Tapan Raychaudhuri
Volume 2: c. \151-c. 1970
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
THE CAMBRIDGE
ECONOMIC HISTORY
OF INDIA
Volume 2: c. MSl-c. 1970
edited by
DHARMA KUMAR
with the editorial assistance of
MEGHNAD DESAI
The right of the
University of Cambridge
to print and sell
all manner of books
was granted by
Henry VIII in 1534.
The University has printed
and published continuously
since 1584.
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
CAMBRIDGE
NEW YORK PORT CHESTER
MELBOURNE SYDNEY
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
Published by the Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge
The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1RP
32 East 57th Street, New York, NY 10022, USA
10 Stamford Road, Oakleigh, Melbourne 3166, Australia
© Cambridge University Press 1983
First published 1983
Reprinted 1989
Printed in Great Britain at the
University Press, Cambridge
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
The Cambridge economic history of India.
Vol.2: c. 1757-c. 1970
1. India-Economic conditions
I. Kumar, Dharma
330.9'54 HC433 80-40454
ISBN 0 521 22802 6
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
CONTENTS
List of maps viii
List of tables ix
Preface xvii
PART I
THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE
I The mid-eighteenth-century background 3
by TAPAN RAYCHAUDHURI, Reader in Modern South Asian
History, University of Oxford and Fellow of St Anthony's College
II Agrarian Relations 36
1 Northern and Central India 36
by ERIC STOKES, Smuts Professor of the History of the British
Commonwealth, University of Cambridge
2 Eastern India 86
byB. CHAUDHURI, Professor of Social and Economic History,
University of Calcutta
3 Western India 177
by H. FUKAZAWA, Professor of South Asian Studies,
Department of Economics, Hitotsubashi University
4 South India 207
by DHARMA KUMAR, Professor of Economic History,
University of Delhi
III Regional Economy (1757-1857) 242
1 North India 242
by TOM G. KESSINGER, Professor, South Asia Regional
Studies, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of
Pennsylvania
2 Eastern India 270
I by S. BHATTACHARYA, Professor at the Centre for
Historical Studies, School of Social Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru
University, New Delhi
II by B. CHAUDHURI
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VI CONTENTS
3 Western India 332
by V.D. DIVEKAR, Gokhale Institute of Politics and
Economics, Poona
4 South India 352
by DHARMA KUMAR
IV National Income 376
by A. HESTON, Professor of South Asian Economics,
University of Pennsylvania
V Population (1757-1947) 463
byLEELA ViSARiAandPaAviN Vis ARIA, Sardar Pate I
Institute of Economic and Social Research, Ahmedabad
VI The Occupational Structure 533
by J. KRISHNAMURTY, Reader in Economics, University of
Delhi
PART II
THE BEGINNINGS OF THE MODERN ECONOMY
VII The Growth of Large-Scale Industry to 1947 553
by MORRIS D. MORRIS, Henry R. Luce Professor of
Comparative Development, Brown University
VIII Irrigation and Railways 677
1 Irrigation 677
by ELIZABETH WHITCOMBE
2 Railways 737
by JOHN M. HURD, Assistant Professor of Economics,
Norwich University, Northfield, Vermont
IX Money and Credit, 1858-1947 762
by A.G. CHANDAVARKAR, International Monetary Fund,
Washington D. C.
X Foreign Trade and Balance of Payments (1757-1947) 804
by K.N. CHAUDHURI, Professor of the Economic History of
Asia, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of
London
XI Price Movements and Fluctuations in Economic Activity
(1860-1947) ' 878
by MICHELLE MCALPIN, Associate Professor of
Economics, Tufts University
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CONTENTS Vll
XII The Fiscal System 905
by DHARMA KUMAR
PART III
POST-INDEPENDENCE DEVELOPMENTS
XIII The Indian Economy since Independence (1947-70) 947
byA.VAiDYA NATHAN, Yellow at the Centre for Development
Studies, Ulloor
XIV The Pakistan Economy since Independence (1947-70) 995
by SWADESH R. BOSE, World Bank, Washington D.C.
Glossary 1027
Bibliography
Index 1048
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MAPS
1 India in 1765 4
2 Stages in the expansion of British power to 1819 34
3 Systems of land revenue settlement 38
4 The Indian sub-continent in 1931, showing the five zones 491
5 Proportion of urban population to total population 1901 517
6 Proportion of urban population to total population 1961 518
7 Factory employment 1931 648
8 Factory employment 1961 650
9 Irrigation canal network 1901 685
10 Canal system in Sind 1899 715
11 Railways in 1931 744
12 Sectoral distribution of labour force and per capita income 966
1961
Map 1 is based on the Imperial Gazetteer 1931; Maps 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
10, 12 on A Historical Atlas of South Asia, edited by Joseph E.
Schwartzberg, by permission of The University of Chicago Press, ©
1978 by the Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
Published 1978
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TABLES
2.1 The land revenue in terms of pounds per acre in
Bharuch 198
2.2 The distribution of raiyatwari land in British
Gujarat 201
2.3 Changing patterns of land holdings in two villages
in Maharashtra 201
2.4 Increase in wages for field labour in Bombay
Presidency 206
2.5 Area of Madras Presidency under different tenures 228
3.1 Selections from occupational censuses of four north
Indian cities 244
3.2 Selected insurance rates in central India,
c. 1795-1820 246
3.3 Village Phalpota, 1848 250
3.4 Imports into Calcutta from the interior of the
Presidency 253
3.5 North India's share of the internal trade of the
Bengal Presidency 255
3.6 North Indian exports to Bengal in the late
eighteenth century 257
3.7 Comparative transportation costs in north India,
1800-60 259
3.8 Cropping pattern (major crops) in the United
Provinces and Punjab, c. 1840 260
3.9 Foreign trade in goods and bullion for selected years 359
4.1 Population and working force estimates 1857-1900 394
4.2 Estimated labour force by sector for all India in
1875 and 1895 396
4.3 A Net domestic product in 1946—7 prices of India by
sectors (selected years, 1868-1900) 397
4.3B Net domestic product in 1946-7 prices of India by
sectors, 1900-47 398
4.4 Value added per worker in 1946-7 prices, 1900 and
1947 402
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X TABLES
4.5 Comparisons of measures of per capita income and
real wages for India and south Asia, 1857-1950 402
4.6 Some social economic indicators for India, and
other countries (selected years, 1857-1946) 410
4.7 Per capita income in India as a percentage of the us 415
4A.1 Estimates of per capita income in India for the
period 1857-1900 422
4A.2 Base yields and prices and output per acre 427
4A.3 Crop yield trends 427
4A.4 Original acreage and trend series, original output,
seasonalized output series, and ratios of fourth to
third series 434
4A.5 Estimated acreage and output in 1946-7 436
4A.6 Some estimates of livestock in millions in India,
1873-4 to 1900-1 438
4A.7 Assumed rates of growth of livestock population
and output of livestock sector 440
4A.8 Estimates of mineral and manufacturing production
1877-8 to 1906-7 441
4A.9 Jute export and production index, selected years 443
4A. 10 Estimated production of minerals, cotton textiles
and jute textiles, selected years 443
4A.11 Indices of real wages and value added per worker
1857-1901 445
4A.12 Measures of provincial agricultural output at
national and local prices of 1875 and 1922-4, and
other provincial economic measures 455
5.1 Various estimates of the size of population in the
Indian sub-continent, 1600-1901 466
5.2 Selected statistics relating to the population of
Delhi, outside the 'Royal Palace', 1833 471
5.3 Life expectancy at birth and vital rates of model
stable populations in which the proportions of
deaths up to age 10 would equal those reported for
Delhi, 1833 473
5.4 Mortality among the native and European armies in
Bengal Presidency, 1828-32; among officers of the
armies of Bengal, Bombay and Madras, 1828-32
and 1860—9 and among wives and children of
European regiments, 1860—9 474
5.5 Mortality rates for the European army in Bengal, by
age, 1830-3 and 1867 476
5.6 Estimates of population and birth rate in parts of
central India and north India, 1820-3 and 1833 483
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