The Cambridge Economic History of Europe from the Decline of the Roman Empire: Volume 8, The Industrial Economies: The Development of Economic and ... of Economic and Social Policies v. 8

1230 Pages·1989·67.48 MB·English

by  Peter Mathias

THE
CAMBRIDGE
ECONOMIC HISTORY
GENERAL EDITORS: M. M. POSTAN, Late Professor Emeritus of
Economic History in the University of Cambridge; D. c. COLEMAN,
Professor Emeritus of Economic History in the University of
Cambridge; and PETER MATHIAS, Master of Downing College,
Cambridge
VOLUME VIII
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
THE
CAMBRIDGE
ECONOMIC HISTORY
OF EUROPE
VOLUME VIII
THE INDUSTRIAL ECONOMIES:
THE DEVELOPMENT OF
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL POLICIES
EDITED BY
PETER MATHIAS
Master of Downing College, Cambridge
AND
SIDNEY POLLARD
Professor of Economic History, University of Bielefeld
The right of the
Umrerslty of Cambridge
to print and sell
all mamer of books
H as granted by
Henry Yllt In 1334.
The University has printed
and published contimmisly
since 1584.
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
CAMBRIDGE
NEW YORK NEW ROCHELLE
MELBOURNE SYDNEY
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
Published by the Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge
The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 IRP
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© Cambridge University Press 1989
First published 1989
Printed in Great Britain at the University Press, Cambridge
British Library cataloguing in publication data
The Cambridge economic history of Europe.
Vol. 8: The industrial economies: the development
of economic and social policies.
1. Europe — Economic conditions
1. Mathias, Peter n. Pollard, Sidney
330.94 HC240
Library of Congress cataloguing in publication data
The Cambridge economic history of Europe.
Include bibliography.
Contents: v. 1. The agrarian life of the Middle
Ages. - v. 2. Trade and industry in the Middle
Ages.— - v. 8. The industrial economies.
1. Europe — Economic conditions. 2. Europe - History.
1. Mathias, Peter, ed.
11. Pollard, Sidney, ed.
HC240.C312 330.94 66-66029
ISBN o 521 22504 3
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CONTENTS
List of figures page xii
List of tables xiii
CHAPTER I
European trade policy, 1815—1914 1
By PAUL BAIROCH, Professor of Economic History, University of Geneva
Translated by Susan. Burke
I General introduction 1
II The movement towards liberalism in the United
Kingdom, 1815-46 4
III The influence of British liberalism, 1846-60 23
IV The phase of European free trade, 1860-79 36
V The return to protectionism on the continent, 1879-92 51
VI The strengthening of protectionism in continental
Europe and the continuation of liberalism in Great
Britain, 1892-1914 69
VII Protectionism and the development of institutions for
the promotion of foreign trade 94
VIII Colonial trade policies 103
IX Labour movements and trade policies 127
X Trade policies of the rest of the world 137
CHAPTER II
Commercial policy between the wars 161
By CHARLES P. KINDLEBERGER, Ford International Professor of Economics,
Emeritus, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Visiting Sachar Professor of
Economics, Brandeis University
I War and post-war reconstruction 161
II Normalization of world trade 166
III The disintegration of world trade 170
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VI CONTENTS
IV The disintegration of the world economy 188
V World trading systems 190
CHAPTER III
International financial policy and the gold standard,
1870-1914 197
By A. G. FORD, Professor of Economics, University of Warwick
I Introduction 197
II Basic gold standard elements 197
III Institutional arrangements 201
IV Mechanisms of adjustment 206
V Behaviour of monetary authorities 215
VI Stabilizing elements and British experience 226
VII Experiences elsewhere — France, Germany, Canada,
and Argentina 235
VIII Conclusions 248
CHAPTER IV
The gold standard and national financial policies,
1913-39 25o
By D. E. MOGGRIDGE, Professor of Economics, University of Toronto
' I The war 250
II Reconstruction 257
III The operation of the reconstructed system 278
IV The slump 295
V Disintegration 298
CHAPTER V
Taxation and public finance: Britain, France, and
Germany 315
By D. E. SCHREMMER, Professor of Economic and Social History, University of
Heidelberg, and Director, Institute of Social and Economic History, Heidelberg
Translated by Walter Stem
I Tax system and national budget in Britain 315
II Tax system and national budget in France 364
III Tax system and state budget in Prussia 407
IV The fiscal economy of the German Reich and the
relationship between Reich and member states 464
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CONTENTS Vll
CHAPTER VI
State policy toward labour and labour organizations,
1830-1939: Anglo-American union movements 495
By JOHN H. M. LASLETT, Professor of History, University of California, Los
Angeles
I Introduction 495
II The character of the labour force 498
III First efforts at organization 501
IV Developments in the American South and West 505
V Utopian socialism and other reform movements 509
VI The growth of craft unionism on both sides of the
Atlantic 512
VII Trade unions and the role of the state 516
VIII Socialism and syndicalism: the Socialist Party of
America, the Labour Party, and the Industrial Workers
of the World 520
IX The First World War and the 1920s 527
X The great depression, the New Deal, and British
consolidation 535
XI Conclusions 543
CHAPTER VII
Labour and the state on the continent, 1800-1939 549
By G. V. RIMLINGER, Professor of Economics, Rice University
I Introduction 549
II Labour in early industrialization 550
III Struggles over principles and ideologies 562
IV Advanced industrialization 580
V Developments in other countries 595
CHAPTER VIII
British public policy, 1776—1939 607
By S. G. CHECKLAND, late Professor Emeritus of Economic History, University
of Glasgow
I The four transitions 607
II Policy, industrialization, and war, 1776-1815 607
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VIII CONTENTS
III Assimilating the industrial revolution, 1815-51 612
IV The Victorian apogee, 1851-74 616
V The challenge of maturity, 1874—1914 619
VI War and the troubled peace, 1914-39 628
VII The policy pattern in 1939 638
CHAPTER IX
American economic policy, 1865-1939 641
By WILLIAM LETWIN, Professor of Political Science, London School of
Economics and Political Science
I The general character of American economic policy 641
II Branches of American economic policy 653
HI Conclusion 689
CHAPTER X
Economic and social policy in France 691
By T. KEMP, former Reader in Economic History, University of Hull
I Introduction 691
II The legacy of the old regime 693
III Economic and social policy in the revolutionary
decade 698
IV The Napoleonic imprint 706
V Liberalism, protection, and state intervention,
1815-50 711
VI State intervention and free trade under the Second
Empire 718
VII The apogee of economic liberalism, 1870-1914 726
VIII War, instability, and crisis, 1914-39 738
CHAPTER XI
German economic and social policy, 1815-1939 752
By VOLKER HENTSCHEL, Professor of Economics, University of Mainz
Translated by Walter Stem
I Introduction: principles of economic structure,
theory, and policy in Germany, 1815—1939 752
II Economic and social policy in the states of the German
Federation 756
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CONTENTS
III Economic and social policy during the Empire and the
Weimar Republic until 1930 773
IV Economic and social policy during the crisis of 1930-3 801
V Economic and social policy during the Third Reich:
continuities and new beginnings 806
CHAPTER XII
Economic policy and economic development in
Austria-Hungary, 1867-1913 814
By SCOTT M. EDDIE, Professor of Economics, University of Toronto
I Introduction 814
II Trade and tariff policy 824
III Financial policy 844
IV Agricultural policy 858
V Industrial promotion 865
VI Railway policy 876
VII Summary and speculations 882
CHAPTER XIII
East-central and south-east Europe, 1919—39 887
By ALICE TEICHOVA, Emeritus Professor of Economic History, University of
East Anglia
I Introduction 887
II State policies: continuity and discontinuity 893
III Land reforms 897
IV Promotion of investment and industry 904
V The quest for capital 911
VI The quest for credits 927
VII The quest for markets 939
VIII Economic and social policies and infrastructures 962
IX Conclusion 982
CHAPTER XIV
Economic and social policy in the USSR, 1917—41 984
By R. W. DAVIES, Professor of Soviet Economic Studies, Centre for Russian
and East European Studies, University of Birmingham
I The background: objectives and environment 984
II First steps to socialism, November 1917-March 1918 990
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X CONTENTS
III The attempt to consolidate, March-April 1918 994
IV War Communism, 1918-19 995
V The false start, 1920 1004
VI The introduction of the New Economic Policy,
1921-4 1008
VII Planning and the market, 1921-6 1015
VIII The grain crisis, 1927-8 1024
IX Forced industrialization, 1928-41 1026
X Soviet socialism in perspective 1044
CHAPTER XV
Economic and social policy in Sweden,
1850-1939 1048
By LENNART JORBERG, Professor of Economic History, University of Lund, and
OLLE KRANZ, Professor of Economic History, University of Lund
1 Translated by Paul Britten Austin
I Introduction 1048
II Economic growth and fluctuations 1049
III Pre-1870 1054
IV 1870-90 1059
V 1900-30 1066
VI Post-1930 1087
VII Concluding remarks 1103
CHAPTER XVI
Aspects of economic and social policy in Japan,
1868—1945 1106
By SEYMOUR A. BROADBRIDGE, Professorial Research Associate, Japan Research
Centre, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
I Introduction 1106
II Economic modernization, 1868-1914 1107
III Foreign economic relations and their consequences,
1896-1914 1115
IV Social policy 1122
V The First World War and its aftermath, 1914-32 1127
VI Economic policy, 1932—45: the struggle for power 1136
VII Conclusion and epilogue 1144
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