The Cambridge Economic History of Europe from the Decline of the Roman Empire, Volume 7: The Industrial Economies: Capital, Labour and Enterprise, Part 1: Britain, France, Germany and Scandinavia

800 Pages·1978·46.41 MB·English

by  Peter Mathias

THE
CAMBRIDGE
ECONOMIC HISTORY
GENERAL EDITORS: M. M. POSTAN, Professor Emeritus of
Economic History in the University of Cambridge ;D.C. COLEMAN,
Professor of Economic History in the University of Cambridge;
and PETER MATHIAS, Chichele Professor of Economic History in
the University of Oxford
VOLUME VII, PART 1
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
THE
CAMBRIDGE
ECONOMIC HISTORY
OF EUROPE
VOLUME VII
THE INDUSTRIAL ECONOMIES:
CAPITAL, LABOUR, AND
ENTERPRISE
PARTI
BRITAIN, FRANCE, GERMANY,
AND SCANDINAVIA
EDITED BY
PETER MATHIAS
Chichele Professor of Economic History in
the University of Oxford, and Fellow of
All Souls College
M. M. POSTAN
Professor Emeritus of Economic History
in the University of Cambridge,
and Fellow of Peterhouse
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
CAMBRIDGE
LONDON • NEW YORK • MELBOURNE
1978
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
Published by the Syndics of the Cambridge University Press
The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 IRP
Bentley House, 200 Euston Road, London NWI 2DB
32 East 57th Street, New York, NY 10022, USA
295 Beaconsfield Parade, Middle Park, Melbourne 3206, Australia
© Cambridge University Press 1978
First published 1978
Printed in Great Britain at the
University Press, Cambridge
Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data (Revised)
Main entry under title:
The Cambridge economic history of Europe from the decline of
the Roman empire.
Includes bibliographies and indexes.
Vol. 2 planned by Sir John Clapham and Eileen Power,
edited by M. Postan and E. E. Rich.
CONTENTS: v. 1. The agrarian life of the middle ages.
v. 2. Trade and industry in the middle ages.
v. 3. Economic organization and policies in the middle ages.
1. Europe - Economic conditions. 2. Europe - History.
I. Clapham, Sir John Harold, 1873-1946, ed.
II. Power, Eileen Edna, 1889-1940, joint ed.
HC 240.C3 33O.9'4 41-3509
ISBN o 521 21590 o part 1
ISBN o 521 21591 9 part 2
ISBN o 521 21124 7 the set of two parts
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
CONTENTS
List of Tables page x
List of Illustrations xvi
Preface xvii
CHAPTER I
Introduction: The Inputs for Growth i
By ROBERT M. SOLOW, Professor of Economics, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, and
PETER TEMIN, Professor of Economics, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology
BRITAIN
CHAPTER II
Capital Formation in Great Britain
By C. H. FEINSTEIN, Lecturer in Economics and Politics,
and Fellow of Clare College, Cambridge
I Justification 28
II The Existing Estimates 29
III Concepts and Prices 35
IV Sources and Methods of Estimation 39
V Circulating Capital, Overseas Assets, and Land 65
VI Comparison with Other Estimates 73
VII Capital Accumulation and Economic Growth 82
Appendix 94
CHAPTER III
Labour in Great Britain
By SIDNEY POLLARD, Professor of Economic History,
University of Sheffield
I The Industrial Revolution: Economic Models of the
Labour Market 97
II Population Increase and Migration 105
III Movements and Counter-Movements 116
IV Case Studies of Four Typical Industries 129
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
VI CONTENTS
V Economic and Non-Economic Influences on the Labour
Market 148
VI Changes in the Standard of Living 161
VII The Century since 1850 164
CHAPTER IV
Industrial Entrepreneurship and Management in Great Britain
By PETER L. PAYNE, Professor of Economic History,
University of Aberdeen
I Introduction 180
II The Industrial Revolution, 1760-1830 182
III The Next Fifty Years 193
IV The Critical Period, 1870-1914? 201
V The Inter-War Years 211
VI Recent Developments, 1945-70 219
FRANCE
CHAPTER V
Capital Investment and Economic Growth in France,
1820-1930
By MAURICE LEVY-LEBOYER, Professor of Economic History,
University of Paris (Nanterre)
I The General Argument 231
II Infrastructure Investment 238
III Industrial Investment 266
Appendix: Series of Data 275
CHAPTER VI
Labour in the French Economy since
the Revolution
By YVES LEQUIN, Lecturer in Contemporary History,
University of Lyon
I Introduction 296
II A Static Nineteenth Century? 296
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
CONTENTS Vll
III The Uncertainty of the Inter-War Period 319
IV A New France: A Late Entry into the Industrial Era 331
V Conclusion 344
CHAPTER VII
Entrepreneurship and Management in France
in the Nineteenth Century
By CLAUDE FOHLEN, Professor of History,
University of Paris (Sorbonne)
I The Background 347
II The Structure of French Enterprise 351
III The Scale of Business Enterprise 358
IV Financing Industrial Enterprise 363
V Business Management 373
VI Conclusions 380
GERMANY
CHAPTER VIII
Capital Formation in Germany in the Nineteenth Century
By R. H. TILLY, Professor of Economic and Social History,
University of Miinster
I Introduction 382
II Agricultural Capital Formation 387
III Investment in Buildings 399
IV Investment in Social Overhead Capital 410
V Industrial Capital Formation 418
VI Summary 427
Appendix 429
CHAPTER IX
Labour in German Industrialization
By J. J. LEE, Professor of Modern History, University College, Cork
I Size and Structure of the Labour Force 442
II Recruitment 449
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
Vill CONTENTS
III Training 453
IV Adaptation 460
V Income and Productivity 47i
VI Trade Unions 474
VII Wages 480
VIII Hours and Conditions 483
IX Epilogue 489
CHAPTER X
Entepreneurs and Managers in German Industrialization
ByJiJRGEN KOCKA, Professor of History,
University of Bielefeld
I Concepts and Scope 492
II Preconditions 498
in Entrepreneur and Manager in the Industrial Revoltionn 516
IV The Rise of Big Business and Organized Capitalism 555
SCANDINAVIA
CHAPTER XI
Labour and Capital in the Scandinavian Countries in the
Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
By K.-G. HILDEBRAND, Professor of Economic History,
Uppsala University
I The Course of Development 590
II The Age of Industrialization (1850-1914) 597
III The First World War and the Inter-War Period 615
IV The Contemporary Age: 1945-70 621
V Finland 624
NOTES
Chapter I, p. 629; Chapter II, p. 630; Chapter III, p. 648;
Chapter IV, p. 664; Chapter V, p. 689; Chapter VII,
p. 692; Chapter VIII, p. 695; Chapter IX, p. 703; Chapter
X, p. 709
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
CONTENTS IX
BIBLIOGRAPHIES
Editor's Note 729
Chapter II, p. 731; Chapter III, p. 733; Chapter IV, p. 741;
Chapter V, p. 752; Chapter VI, p. 755; Chapter VII, p.
758; Chapter VIII, p. 761; Chapter IX, p. 764; Chapter X,
p. 769; Chapter XI, p. 777
Index 781
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
TABLES
BRITAIN
1 Gross Capital Formation, Great Britain, 1770-183 5: Pos-
sible Order of Magnitude suggested by Pollard page 31
2 Gross Domestic Fixed Capital Formation, Great Britain,
1770-1835: Possible Order of Magnitude suggested by
Pollard 31
3 Gross Domestic Fixed Capital Formation, 1830-5: Com-
parison of Estimates by Deane and Pollard 32
4 Contemporary Estimates of the National Wealth, 1688-
1863 33
5 Price Indices, 1760-1860 38
6 Gross Domestic Fixed Capital Formation, Great Britain,
1761-1860, at Constant Prices 40
7 Gross Domestic Fixed Capital Formation, Great Britain,
1761-1860, at Current Prices 41
8 Gross Stock of Domestic Reproducible Fixed Capital,
Great Britain, 1760-1860 42
9 Relationship of House-Building to Brick Output, 1791-
1850 44
10 Average Cost of Houses in i860, based on Classification
by Annual Value 45
11 Fixed Capital Formation in Agriculture: Farm Buildings,
Improvements, and Equipment, Great Britain, 1761-1860 49
12 Fixed Capital in the Textile Industry of Great Britain,
i860 53
13 Stock of Machinery and Equipment in Manufacturing,
Great Britain, i860 55
14 Non-Farm Stock-in-Trade, 1760-1860 68
15 Stock of Circulating Capital, Overseas Assets, Coin and
Bullion, and Land, Great Britain, 1760-1860 68
16 Stockbuilding and Net Investment Abroad, 1761-1860 69
17 Gross Fixed Capital Formation, Great Britain, c. 1770-
1835: Comparison with Pollard's Estimates 74
18 Fixed Capital Formation, 1830-5: Comparison with
Estimates by Pollard and Deane 75
19 Fixed Capital Formation, 1831-60: Comparison with
Deane's Estimates 76
20 Fixed Capital Formation, 1851-60, by Sector: Com-
parison with Deane's Estimates 76
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008