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This page intentionally left blank The Cambridge Dictionary of Sociology Providinganauthoritativeandcomprehensiveoverviewoftheclassicalandthe contemporary, this volume is an indispensable guide to the vibrant and expandingfieldofsociology.Featuringover600entries,fromconcisedefinitions todiscursiveessays,writtenby leadinginternationalacademics,theDictionary offersatrulyglobalperspective,examiningbothAmericanandEuropeantrad- itions and approaches. Entries cover schools, theories, theorists, and debates, with substantial articles on all key topics in the field. While recognizing the richnessofhistoricalsociologicaltraditions,theDictionaryalsolooksforwardto new and evolving influences such as cultural change, genetics, globalization, information technologies, new wars, and terrorism. Most entries incorporate references for further reading, and a cross-referencing system enables easy access to related areas. This Dictionary is an invaluable reference work for students and academics alike and will help to define the field of sociology in yearstocome. BRYAN S. TURNER isProfessor ofSociology intheAsiaResearch Instituteatthe National University of Singapore, where he leads the research team for the Religion and Globalisation cluster. Prior to this, he was Professor of Sociology in the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences at the University of Cambridge. ProfessorTurneristheauthorofTheNewMedicalSociology(2004)andSocietyand Culture: Principles of Scarcity and Solidarity (with Chris Rojek, 2001), and is the founding editor of the Journal of Classical Sociology (with John O’Neill), Body & Society(withMikeFeatherstone),andCitizenshipStudies.Heiscurrentlywritinga three-volumestudyonthesociologyofreligionforCambridgeUniversityPress. BOARD OF EDITORIAL ADVISORS Ira Cohen,Rutgers University Jeff Manza,Northwestern University Gianfranco Poggi, Universita diTrento Beth Schneider, University ofCalifornia, SantaBarbara Susan Silbey, Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology Carol Smart,University of Leeds The Cambridge Dictionary of S O C I O L O G Y General Editor BRYAN S. TURNER CAMBRIDGEUNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521832908 © Cambridge University Press 2006 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published in print format 2006 ISBN-13 978-0-511-37145-5 eBook (NetLibrary) ISBN-10 0-511-37145-4 eBook (NetLibrary) ISBN-13 978-0-521-83290-8 hardback ISBN-10 0-521-83290-X hardback ISBN-13 978-0-521-54046-9 paperback ISBN-10 0-521-54046-1 paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. TothememoryofmyparentsSophiaTurner(ne´eBrookes)and StanleyW.Turner Contents List of contributors page viii Acknowledgments x Introduction xi How to use this Dictionary xix THE DICTIONARY vii List of contributors GabrielAbend,NorthwesternUniversity BernadetteHayes,UniversityofAberdeen GaryL.Albrecht,UniversityofIllinois,Chicago ChrisHaywood,UniversityofNewcastleuponTyne JeffreyAlexander,YaleUniversity JohnHeritage,UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles TomasAlmaguer,SanFranciscoStateUniversity JohnHoffman,UniversityofLeicester PatrickBaert,UniversityofCambridge JohnHolmwood,UniversityofSussex JackBarbalet,UniversityofLeicester RobertHolton,TrinityCollege,Dublin JamesBeckford,UniversityofWarwick DarnellHunt,UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles StephenBenard,CornellUniversity GeoffreyIngham,UniversityofCambridge MichaelBillig,LoughboroughUniversity EnginIsin,YorkUniversity,Canada MildredBlaxter,UniversityofBristol AndrewJamison,AalborgUniversity MickBloor,UniversityofGlasgow ValerieJenness,UniversityofCalifornia,Irvine WilliamA.Brown,UniversityofCambridge BobJessop,LancasterUniversity BrendanJ.Burchell,UniversityofCambridge JamesE.Katz,RutgersUniversity StewartClegg,UniversityofTechnology,Sydney DouglasKellner,UniversityofCalifornia, ElizabethF.Cohen,SyracuseUniversity LosAngeles IraCohen,RutgersUniversity KrishanKumar,UniversityofVirginia OonaghCorrigan,UniversityofPlymouth JohnLaw,LancasterUniversity RosemaryCrompton,CityUniversity,London CharlesLemert,WesleyanUniversity SeanCubitt,TheUniversityofWaikato,NewZealand DonaldN.Levine,UniversityofChicago TomCushman,WellesleyCollege RuthLister,LoughboroughUniversity TiaDeNora,UniversityofExeter StevenLoyal,UniversityCollege,Dublin PeterDickens,UniversityofCambridge MairtinMac-an-Ghaill,UniversityofBirmingham MicheleDillon,UniversityofNewHampshire MichaelMacy,CornellUniversity S.N.Eisenstadt,TheJerusalemVanLeerInstitute JeffManza,NorthwesternUniversity TonyElger,UniversityofWarwick RobertMiller,Queen’sUniversity,Belfast AnthonyElliott,FlindersUniversityofSouth JanPakulski,UniversityofTasmania Australia EdwardPark,LoyolaMarymountUniversity AmitaiEtzioni,TheCommunitarianNetwork, FrankPearce,Queen’sUniversity,Canada Washington EmilePerreau-Saussine,UniversityofCambridge MaryEvans,UniversityofKent ChrisPhillipson,KeeleUniversity RonEyerman,YaleUniversity GianfrancoPoggi,Universita`diTrento,Italy JamesD.Faubion,RiceUniversity DudleyL.Poston,*TexasA&MUniversity JanieFiloteo,TexasA&MUniversity StephenQuilley,UniversityCollege,Dublin GaryAlanFine,NorthwesternUniversity MarkRapley,EdithCowanUniversity DavidFrisby,LondonSchoolofEconomics LarryRay,UniversityofKentatCanterbury LoraineGelsthorpe,UniversityofCambridge IsaacReed,YaleUniversity JulianGo,BostonUniversity ThomasReifer,UniversityofSanDiego DavidGood,UniversityofCambridge DerekRobbins,UniversityofEastLondon PhilipGoodman,UniversityofCalifornia,Irvine ChrisRojek,NottinghamTrentUniversity SusanHansen,MurdochUniversity MercedesRubio,AmericanSociologicalAssociation *DudleyPostonwishestothankthefollowinggraduatestudentsfortheirassistance:MaryAnn Davis,ChrisLewinski,HuaLuo,HeatherTerrellandLiZhang. viii