Table Of Content

the cambridge companion to THE STOICS Each volume in this series of companions to major philosophers contains specially commissioned essays by an international team ofscholars,togetherwithasubstantialbibliography,andwillserve asareferenceworkforstudentsandnonspecialists.Oneaimofthe series is to dispel the intimidation such readers often feel when facedwiththeworkofadifficultandchallengingthinker. Thehistoryoftheschoolspansmanycenturies,fromitsfoun- dationbyZenoc.300b.c.andconsolidationbyChrysippusandhis studentsinthethirdandsecondcenturiesb.c.;throughtheinnova- tionsofPanaetiusandPosidonius;totheRomanperioddominated bySeneca,Epictetus,andMarcusAurelius. Thisuniquevolumeoffersanodysseythroughtheideasofthe Stoicsinthreeparticularways:first,throughthehistoricaltrajec- toryoftheschoolitselfanditsinfluence;second,throughtherecov- eryofthehistoryofStoicthought;andthird,throughtheongoing confrontationwithStoicism,showinghowitrefinesphilosophical traditions,challengestheimagination,andultimatelydefinesthe kindoflifeonechoosestolead. Adistinguishedrosterofspecialistshaswrittenanauthoritative guide tothe entire philosophicaltradition. The firsttwo chapters chartthehistoryoftheschoolintheancientworld,andarefollowed bychaptersonthecorethemesoftheStoicsystem:epistemology, logic,naturalphilosophy,theology,determinism,andmetaphysics. There are two chapters on what might be thought of as the heart and soul of the Stoic system: ethics. The volume also considers the Stoic influence outside philosophy in the fields of medicine, grammarandlinguistics,andastronomy.Theconcludingchapters tracetheinfluenceofStoicismthroughtheearlymodernperiod. New readers will find this the most convenient and accessible guidetotheStoicscurrentlyavailable.Advancedstudentsandspe- cialistswillfindaconspectusofrecentdevelopmentsintheinter- pretationoftheStoics. BradInwoodisProfessorofClassicsandCanadaResearchChairin AncientPhilosophy,UniversityofToronto. The Cambridge Companion to THE STOICS Edited by Brad Inwood UniversityofToronto contents Contributors page vii Introduction: Stoicism, An Intellectual Odyssey 1 brad inwood 1 The School, from Zeno to Arius Didymus 7 david sedley 2 The School in the Roman Imperial Period 33 christopher gill 3 Stoic Epistemology 59 r. j. hankinson 4 Logic 85 susanne bobzien 5 Stoic Natural Philosophy (Physics and Cosmology) 124 michael j. white 6 Stoic Theology 153 keimpe algra 7 Stoic Determinism 179 dorothea frede 8 Stoic Metaphysics 206 jacques brunschwig 9 Stoic Ethics 233 malcolm schofield v vi contents 10 Stoic Moral Psychology 257 tad brennan 11 Stoicism and Medicine 295 r. j. hankinson 12 The Stoic Contribution to Traditional Grammar 310 david blank and catherine atherton 13 The Stoics and the Astronomical Sciences 328 alexander jones 14 Stoic Naturalism and Its Critics 345 t. h. irwin 15 Stoicism in the Philosophical Tradition: Spinoza, Lipsius, Butler 365 a. a. long Bibliography 393 List of Primary Works 417 General Index 423 Passages Index 433 contributors keimpe algraisProfessorofAncientandMedievalPhilosophyat theUniversityofUtrecht.HeistheauthorofConceptsofSpacein GreekThoughtandco-editoroftheCambridgeHistoryofHellenistic Philosophy. catherine athertonisAdjunctAssociateProfessorofClassics andPhilosophyattheUniversityofCaliforniaatLosAngeles.Sheis theauthorofTheStoicsonAmbiguity(Cambridge1993)andmany articlesonHellenisticphilosophy,ancientgrammarians,andthehis- toryofthetheoryoflanguage. david blankisProfessorofClassicsattheUniversityofCalifornia at Los Angeles. He has held Humboldt, NEH, and Fulbright fellow- shipsandhaspublishedwidelyonancientgrammarandphilosophy. CurrentworkincludesaneditionoftheRhetoricofPhilodemus. susanne bobzienis Professor of Philosophy at Yale University. She is the author of Determinism and Freedom in Stoic Philos- ophy, co-author of Alexander of Aphrodisias: On Aristotle’s Prior Analytics1.1–7,andhaspublishedonmanyaspectsofancientlogic andancientdeterminism. tad brennanis Associate Professor of Philosophy at Yale Uni- versity. He is the translator (with Charles Brittain) of Simplicius’ commentary on Epictetus’ Enchiridion. He has written on Plato, Aristotle,SextusEmpiricusandmuchofHellenisticphilosophy,es- peciallyStoicethicsandpsychology. jacques brunschwigis Professor Emeritus of Ancient Philos- ophy at the University of Paris-I. In addition to his considerable vii viii contributors output in French, he has contributed to many collections or collec- tiveworksinEnglish,includingTheCambridgeHistoryofHellenis- tic Philosophy. A selection of his Papers in Hellenistic Philosophy waspublishedbyCambridgeUniversityPress. dorothea fredeis Professor of Philosophy at Hamburg Univer- sity. She is the author of Aristoteles und die Seeschlacht, Plato – Philebus,Translatedwithintroductionandnotes,PlatonPhilebos, U¨bersetzungmitKommentar,andPlatonsPhaidon–derTraumvon derUnsterblichkeit. christopher gillis Professor of Ancient Thought at the Uni- versity of Exeter. He is the author of Personality in Greek Epic, Tragedy and Philosophy: The Self in Dialogue, and is presently completingTheStructuredSelfinHellenisticandRomanThought. He has edited several collections of essays on ancient thought and culture. r. j. hankinsonis Professor of Philosophy and Classics at the UniversityofTexasatAustin.HeistheauthorofTheSceptics,Cause andExplanationintheAncientGreekWorldandmanyotherworks onvariousaspectsofGreekphilosophyandscience. brad inwoodisProfessorofClassicsandCanadaResearchChair in Ancient Philosophy at the University of Toronto. He is the author of Ethics and Human Action in Early Stoicism and The Poem of Empedocles, and the co-author of Hellenistic Philosophy: Intro- ductoryReadings. t. h. irwinisSusanLinnSageProfessorofPhilosophyandHumane Letters at Cornell University. Among his many books are transla- tions with notes of Plato’s Gorgias and Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle’s First Principles, Classical Thought and Plato’s Ethics. alexander jonesis Professor of Classics and the History and PhilosophyofScienceandTechnologyattheUniversityofToronto. Among his many publications on the ancient exact sciences are Astronomical Papyri from Oxyrhynchus, and (with J. L. Berggren), Ptolemy’sGeography:AnAnnotatedTranslationoftheTheoretical Chapters. contributors ix a. a. longis Professor of Classics and Irving Stone Professor of LiteratureattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley.Hismostrecent books include Stoic Studies, The Cambridge Companion to Early GreekPhilosophy,andEpictetus:aStoicandSocraticGuideofLife. malcolm schofieldis Professor of Ancient Philosophy at the University of Cambridge. His books include An Essay on Anaxag- oras,TheStoicIdeaoftheCity,andSavingtheCity.Heisco-author with G. S. Kirk and J. E. Raven of the second edition of The Preso- craticPhilosophers.Ofthemanycollectedvolumeshehasco-edited the most recent is The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman PoliticalThought.HewaseditorofPhronesisfrom1987–92. david sedleyisLaurenceProfessorofAncientPhilosophyatthe University of Cambridge. He is author of Lucretius and the Trans- formationofGreekWisdom,co-authorwithA.A.LongofTheHel- lenistic Philosophers, and editor of The Cambridge Companion to GreekandRomanPhilosophy.HeistheeditorofOxfordStudiesin AncientPhilosophy. michael j. whiteisProfessorofPhilosophyatArizonaStateUni- versity.HeistheauthorofAgencyandIntegrality,TheContinuous andtheDiscrete,PartisanorNeutral:TheFutilityofPublicPolitical Theory,andPoliticalPhilosophy:AShortIntroduction. brad inwood Introduction: Stoicism, An Intellectual Odyssey Stoicism has its roots in the philosophical activity of Socrates. But itshistoricaljourneybeganintheenrichmentofthattraditionwith otherinfluencesbyZenoofCitiumalmostacenturyafterSocrates’ death, and it continued in the rise and decline of the school he founded.AnapparentlylongpausefollowedduringtheMiddleAges, althoughitseemsclearthatitsphilosophicalinfluencecontinuedto befeltthroughavarietyofchannels,manyofwhicharedifficultto chart. In the early modern period, Stoicism again became a signifi- cantpartofthephilosophicalsceneandhasremainedaninfluential intellectualforceeversince. In the middle of the last century, Max Pohlenz, in a book whose valuewasalwayslimitedbytheculturalforcesofitstimeandplace (Pohlenz1948),describedtheschoolasan‘intellectualmovement.’ ‘Intellectual movement’ captured something of the longevity and protean variability of Stoicism. The dynamic connotations of that metaphorareapt,butIpreferthemetaphorofaspecialkindofjour- ney.AnintellectualengagementwithStoicismisanodysseyinthree ways.First,thehistoricaltrajectoryoftheschoolitselfanditsinflu- enceisrepletewithdigressions,narrativeornament,andimprobable connections, yet moving ultimately toward an intelligible conclu- sion.Second,thetaskofrecoveringthehistoryofStoicthoughtisan adventure in the history of philosophy. It can be a perilous journey forthenovice,onerequiringguidesasvariedintheirskillsandtem- peramentsaswasOdysseus,whoseepithetpolutropos(‘manofmany talents’)indicateswhatiscalledfor.Andthird,forthosereaderswho findthecentralideasofStoicismappealingeitherinapurelyintellec- tualwayorinthemoralimagination,theongoingconfrontationwith Stoicism is one which refines philosophical intuitions, challenges 1 2 brad inwood bothimaginationandanalyticaltalents,andleadsultimatelytohard philosophicalchoiceswhich,iftakenseriously,definethekindoflife onechoosestolead. This Companion is intended as a resource for readers of various kinds as they approach Stoicism along any of these paths, whether theydosoforthefirsttimeorafterconsiderablepriorexperience.The authors contributing to this volume are all masters of their fields, but they are as different in their intellectual and literary styles as were the Stoics themselves. I hope that the variety of talents and approachesbroughttogetherinthisCompanionwillservethereader well. Sincethisbookistoserveasaguidetoanentirephilosophicaltra- ditionandnotjusttoonephilosopher,ithasanunusualstructure.It beginswithtwochaptersthatchartthehistoryoftheschoolinthe ancient world. David Sedley (Chapter 1) takes us from the founda- tionoftheschooltotheendofitsinstitutionallifeasaschoolinthe conventional ancient sense, and Christopher Gill (Chapter 2) picks up the story and takes it through the period of the Roman Empire, an era often thought to have been philosophically less creative but, paradoxically, the period which has given us our principal surviv- ing texts written by ancient Stoics. It is therefore also the period whichmostdecisivelyshapedtheunderstandingofStoicisminthe early modern period, when philosophers did not yet have access to the historical reconstructions of early Stoicism on which we now rely. Thecentralpartofthebookisaseriesofchaptersonmajorthemes within the Stoic system. We begin with epistemology (Chapter 3, R.J.Hankinson)andlogic(Chapter4,SusanneBobzien),twoareasin whichthephilosophicalinfluenceofStoicismhasbeenparticularly enduring.AncientStoicismproducedthemostinfluential(andcon- troversial)versionofempiricismintheancientworld,andthelogic ofChrysippus,thethirdheadoftheschool,wasoneofthegreatintel- lectualachievementsoftheschool,thoughitwasnotuntilthemod- erndevelopmentofsententialratherthantermlogicthatitsdistinc- tivemeritsbecamevisible.Naturalphilosophyis,ofcourse,founded on cosmology and the analysis of material stuffs, so in Chapter 5 MichaelJ.Whitesetsouttheframeworkinwhichthefollowingthree chaptersshouldberead.Theology(Chapter6,KeimpeAlgra),determinism (Chapter 7, Dorothea Frede), and metaphysics (Chapter 8,