The Cambridge Companion to Public Law PDF
Preview The Cambridge Companion to Public Law
The Cambridge Companion to Public Law TheCambridgeCompaniontoPublicLawexamineskeythemes,debates andissuesincontemporarypubliclaw.Thebookidentifiesand drawsoutfivekeythemes:thenotionsofgovernmentandthestate;the placeofthestateandpubliclawintheworldatlarge;relationships betweeninstitutionsandofficialswithinthestate;thelegitimacyof institutions;andtheidentityandvalueofpubliclawinrelationto politics.Thebookalsopresentsacontemporaryexamination,taking accountofthesubstantialchangeswitnessedinthisareainrecent decadesandoftheresultingneedtoreassessorthodoxaccountsofthe subject.Writtenbyleadingauthoritiesinthecommonlawworld,their approachisrigorous,engagingandhighlyaccessible.ThisCompanion actsasbothathoughtfulintroductionandacollectionthatconsciously movesthedisciplineforward. MarkElliottisProfessorofPublicLawattheUniversityofCambridge andaFellowofStCatharine’sCollege. DavidFeldmanisRouseBallProfessorofEnglishLawattheUniversity ofCambridgeandaFellowofDowningCollege,Cambridge. Cambridge Companions to Law CambridgeCompanionstoLawoffersthought-provokingintroductionsto differentlegaldisciplines,invaluabletoboththestudentandthescholar. Editedbyworld-leadingacademics,eachoffersacollectionofessays whichbothmapoutthesubjectandallowthereadertodelvedeeper. Criticalandenlightening,theCompanionslibraryrepresentslegal scholarshipatitsbest. TheCambridgeCompaniontoEuropeanPrivateLaw EditedbyChristianTwigg-Flesner TheCambridgeCompaniontoInternationalLaw EditedbyJamesCrawfordandMarttiKoskenniemi TheCambridgeCompaniontoComparativeLaw EditedbyMauroBussaniandUgoMattei TheCambridgeCompaniontoHumanRightsLaw EditedbyConorGeartyandCostasDouzinas TheCambridgeCompaniontoPublicLaw EditedbyMarkElliottandDavidFeldman The Cambridge Companion to Public Law Editedby Mark Elliott and David Feldman UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learningandresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107655096 ©CambridgeUniversityPress2015 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2015 PrintingintheUnitedKingdombyTJInternationalLtd.PadstowCornwall AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloguinginPublicationdata TheCambridgecompaniontopubliclaw/editedbyMarkElliott,DavidFeldman. pages cm.– (Cambridgecompanionstolaw) ISBN978-1-107-02975-0(hardback) 1. Publiclaw–England–History. 2. Civilrights–England–History. 3. Commonlaw–England–History. I. Elliott,Mark, 1975–editor. II. Feldman,David,1953–editor. KD3930.C36 2015 342.42–dc23 2015005590 ISBN978-1-107-02975-0Hardback ISBN978-1-107-65509-6Paperback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof URLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication, anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. Contents Notesoncontributors pagevii Introduction 1 MarkElliottandDavidFeldman 1 Thedistinctivenessofpubliclaw 17 DavidFeldman 2 Thepoliticsofpubliclaw 37 DavidHowarth 3 Theruleoflawinpubliclaw 56 JeremyWaldron 4 Legislativesupremacyinamultidimensionalconstitution 73 MarkElliott 5 Thepoliticsofaccountability 96 TonyWright 6 RightsanddemocracyinUKpubliclaw 116 AileenMcHarg 7 Publiclawvaluesinthecommonlaw 134 MarkAronson 8 Publiclawandpubliclaws 153 PaulCraig 9 Publiclawandprivatisation 172 A.C.L.Davies 10 Statearchitecture:subsidiarity,devolution,federalism andindependence 193 ChristopherMcCrudden vi Contents 11 Softlawneverdies 215 RichardRawlings 12 Theimpactofpubliclawlitigation 236 MauriceSunkin 13 Designingandoperatingconstitutionsinglobalcontext 256 CherylSaunders Index 275 Notes on contributors MarkAronsonisEmeritusProfessorofLaw,UniversityofNewSouthWales, Australia.Hispublicationshaverangedoveranumberofareas,includingcivil andcriminalprocedure,thelawofevidence,tortliabilityofpublicauthorities, andadministrativelaw. PaulCraigisProfessorofEnglishLawattheUniversityofOxfordanda ProfessorialFellowofSt.John’sCollege,Oxford,aQC(hon.),andaFellowof theBritishAcademy.Hisresearchinterestsrangewidelyacrossconstitutional law,administrativelaw,humanrightslawandEuropeanUnionlaw.Heisthe authorofanumberofleadingworksinthesefields. A.C.L.DaviesisProfessorofLawandPublicPolicyattheUniversityofOxford andtheGarrickFellowandTutorinLawatBrasenoseCollege.Herresearchis inthefieldsofpubliclawandlabour/employmentlaw. MarkElliottisReaderinPublicLawattheUniversityofCambridgeanda FellowofStCatharine’sCollege,Cambridge.Hehaswrittenwidelyinthefield ofpubliclaw. DavidFeldmanistheRouseBallProfessorofEnglishLawintheUniversityof CambridgeandaFellowofDowningCollege,Cambridge,aQC(hon),anda FellowoftheBritishAcademy.HehasbeenaJudgeoftheConstitutionalCourt ofBosniaandHerzegovinaandLegalAdvisertotheJointCommitteeon HumanRightsintheUKParliament.Hiswritingliesmainlyinthefieldsof constitutionallaw,comparativepubliclaw,criminalprocedure,civilliberties, andhumanrights,andhehasaspecialinterestinboundariesbetweenlegal categories. DavidHowarthisReaderinLawandDirectoroftheMPhilinPublicPolicyat theUniversityofCambridge,whereheisalsoCo-ChairoftheUniversity’s StrategicResearchInitiativeinPublicPolicy.Hewaspreviouslyamemberof theUKHouseofCommons,inwhichcapacityheservedontheConstitutional AffairsandJusticeCommitteesandasshadowSecretaryofStateforJustice. ChristopherMcCruddenisProfessorofHumanRightsandEqualityLaw, Queen’sUniversityBelfast,WilliamWCookGlobalProfessorofLaw, viii Notesoncontributors UniversityofMichiganLawSchool,andaFellowoftheBritishAcademy. HewasaFellowoftheStrausInstitute,NewYorkUniversityLawSchool (2013),andaFellowoftheWissenschaftskollegzuBerlin(2014–15). AileenMcHargisProfessorofPublicLawattheUniversityofStrathclyde, havingpreviouslytaughtattheUniversitiesofBristolandGlasgow.Her researchinterestsspanmanyaspectsofUKandScottishpubliclaw.Sheisa memberoftheLawSocietyofScotland’sConstitutionalLawSub-Committee andamemberoftheExecutiveCommitteeoftheUKConstitutionalLaw Association. RichardRawlingsisProfessorofPublicLaw,UniversityCollegeLondon.Heis aformerLegalAdvisertotheHouseofLordsConstitutionCommittee. CherylSaunders,AO,isaLaureateProfessoratMelbourneLawSchoolandthe foundingDirectorofitsCentreforComparativeConstitutionalStudies.She worksgenerallyinthefieldsofAustralianandcomparativepubliclawandhas specialistinterestsinconstitutionmaking,federalismandcomparative method. MauriceSunkinisProfessorofPublicLawandSocioLegalStudiesatthe UniversityofEssexandGeneralEditorofPublicLaw.Hisresearchisconcerned withtheuseandimpactofjudicialreviewintheUnitedKingdomand administrativejustice.HeiscurrentlyleadingaNuffield-fundedproject establishingtheUnitedKingdomAdministrativeJusticeInstitute. JeremyWaldronisProfessorofLawatNewYorkUniversity’sSchoolofLaw. Untilrecently,hewasalsoChicheleProfessorofSocialandPoliticalTheoryat theUniversityofOxford.Hehasdeliveredlecturesinseveralprestigiousseries, includingthe2011HamlynLectures(publishedasTheRuleofLawandthe MeasureofProperty(CambridgeUniversityPress,2012). TonyWrightisProfessorofGovernmentandPublicPolicyatUniversity CollegeLondonandProfessorialFellowinPoliticsatBirkbeckCollege, UniversityofLondon.FormerlyaMemberofParliament,hechairedthePublic AdministrationSelectCommitteeandtheSelectCommitteeonReformofthe HouseofCommons. Introduction Mark Elliott and David Feldman Thiscollectionofessaysexploresthemesandcontroversies(legal,political and scholarly) in public law which are subjects of current debate in that area,whilealso(wehope)contributingtothosedebatesfrombothpractical andtheoreticalperspectives.ThepurposesofthisIntroductionaretosetthe scenebyoutliningthepoliticalcontextinwhichpubliclawanditsscholar- ship have developed over the past forty or so years, and to locate within that context and in relation to each other some of the themes which our contributorsdevelopinthechapterswhichfollow. The context in which public law develops and operates At the risk of pre-empting what follows, one can say that public law is concernedwiththestate–itsstructures,theactionsandinteractionsofits institutionsandpeoplewhooperatethem,theprinciplesandmechanisms onwhichitruns–anditsrelationshipswithotherentitiesandindividuals inside and outside the state. These structures and relationships are not static. They change constantly in response to developments in ideas about the role of states in society and to changing political dynamics. Whilstmanystatesarethoughttobestable,theyareatbestmaintainingan unstable equilibriumbetween competing forces,and caneasilybetipped outofthatequilibriumbyunexpectedchanges.Thesemaybeeconomicor financial,aswesawin2008whenshockstothebankingsystemofmuchof thewesternworldreducedmanystatestodependencyonotherstatesand international organisations. As a result, Greece, Cyprus, Italy, Spain and Portugal, among other states, suffered a severe loss of control over their politicalaswellaseconomicfutures.Thismayprovetohavebeenonlya temporary phenomenon, but it is hard to believe that it will not have a long-termeffectonstates’assessmentsoftheirownrelativeindependence and authority. Other challenges to states come in theform of political or
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