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TheCambridgeCompaniontoBallet Balletisaparadox:muchlovedbutlittlestudied.Itisabeautifulfairy tale;detachedfromitsoriginsandunrelatedtothemenandwomen whocreatedit.Yetballethasahistory,littleknownandrarely presented.Thesegreatworkshavedarksidesandmoralambiguities, notalwaysnorimmediatelyvisible.Thedaringandchallenging qualityofballetaswellasitsperceived‘safe’natureisnotonlyoneof itsfascinationsbutoneoftheintriguingquestionstobeexploredin thisCompanion.Theessaysrevealtheconception,intentand underlyingmeaningofballetsandre-createthehistoricalrealityin whichtheyemerged.Thereaderwillfindnewandunexpected aspectsofballet,itshistoryanditsaesthetics,theevolutionofplot andnarrative,newinsightsintotherealityoftraining,thechoiceof costumeandthetransformationofanoldartinamodernworld. The Cambridge Companion to BALLET ............ editedby MarionKant cambridge university press Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown,Singapore,Sa˜oPaulo CambridgeUniversityPress TheEdinburghBuilding,CambridgeCB28RU,UK PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9780521539869 (cid:2)C CambridgeUniversityPress2007 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithout thewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2007 PrintedintheUnitedKingdomattheUniversityPress,Cambridge AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN 978-0-521-83221-2hardback ISBN 978-0-521-53986-9paperback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyofURLsfor externalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication,anddoesnotguaranteethat anycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. Contents Listofillustrations [pagevii] Foreword IvorGuest [xi] Notesoncontributors [xiv] Chronology [xxi] Introduction MarionKant [1] (cid:2) Part I FromtheRenaissancetothebaroque:royalpowerand worldlydisplay 1 Theearlydancemanualsandthestructureofballet:abasisforItalian, FrenchandEnglishballet JenniferNevile [9] 2 Balletdecour MarinaNordera [19] 3 Englishmasques BarbaraRavelhofer [32] 4 Thebaroquebody MarkFranko [42] (cid:2) Part II Theeighteenthcentury:revolutionsintechniqueandspirit 5 Choreographyandnarrative:theballetd’actionofthe eighteenthcentury DorionWeickmann [53] 6 Theriseofballettechniqueandtraining:theprofessionalisationof anartform SandraNollHammond [65] 7 Themakingofhistory:JohnWeaverandtheEnlightenment TimBlanning [78] 8 Jean-GeorgesNoverre:danceandreform JudithChazin-Bennahum [87] 9 TheFrenchRevolutionanditsspectacles IngeBaxmann [98] (cid:2) Part III Romanticballet:balletisawoman 10 RomanticballetinFrance:1830–1850 SarahDavisCordova [113] 11 Deadly sylphs and decent mermaids: the women in the Danish romantic worldofAugustBournonville AnneMiddleboeChristensen [126] 12 Theorchestraastranslator:Frenchnineteenth-century ballet MarianE.Smith [138] 13 RussianballetintheageofPetipa LynnGarafola [151] [v] vi Contents 14 Openingthedoortoafairy-taleworld:Tchaikovsky’sballet music Th´er`eseHurley [164] 15 Theromanticballetanditscritics:dancegoespublic LuciaRuprecht [175] 16 Thesouloftheshoe MarionKant [184] (cid:2) Part IV Thetwentiethcentury:traditionbecomesmodern 17 Theballetavant-gardeI:theBalletsSue´doisanditsmodernist concept ErikNa¨slund [201] 18 Theballetavant-gardeII:the‘new’RussianandSovietdanceinthe twentiethcentury TimScholl [212] 19 GeorgeBalanchine MatildeButkas [224] 20 Balanchineandthedeconstructionofclassicism JulietBellow [237] 21 TheNutcracker:aculturalicon JenniferFisher [246] 22 FromSwanLaketoRedGirl’sRegiment:ballet’ssinicisation ZhengYangwen [256] 23 GiselleinaCubanaccent LesterTome [263] 24 Europeanballetintheageofideologies MarionKant [272] Notes [291] Bibliographyandfurtherreading [311] Indexofpersons [331] Indexofballets [339] Subjectindex [342] Listofillustrations 1 MaestrodeiTorneidiSantaCroce,cassonepanel.Lamagnanimita`di Scipione,1460.London,VictoriaandAlbertMuseum,InventoryNo: 5804.1859 [page10] 2 GuilleminelaQuinteuse,Féedelamusique.Balletdesf´eesdelaforêtde Saint-Germain(1625),drawingbyDanielRabel,Muse´eduLouvre, Inv.32604.PublishedinMarieFrançoiseChristout,Leballetdecourau XVII°si`ecle(Gene`ve:Minkoff,1987),p.76 [22] 3 Androgynes,Balletdeladouairi`eredeBillebahaut(1626),drawingby DanielRabel,Muse´eduLouvre,Inv.32692.PublishedinMarieFrançoise Christout,LeballetdecourauXVII°si`ecle(Gene`ve:Minkoff,1987),p.148 [23] 4 FaunfromLully’sLetriomphedel’amour,1681.MalkinCollection PennsylvaniaStateUniversity [26] 5 Coverpage,CoelumBritannicum1634.MalkinCollectionPennsylvania StateUniversity [35] 6 Listofmasquers,CoelumBritannicum,1634.MalkinCollection PennsylvaniaStateUniversity [36] 7 CatherineTurocy,ArtisticDirector,TheNewYorkBaroqueDance Company(photoLoisGreenfield) [44] 8 MarkFrankoinLeMarbretremble(photoMidoriShinye) [45] 9 JasonetMed´eebyJean-GeorgesNoverre,musicbyJean-JosephRodolphe 1781.FrancescoBertoluzzi(artist),GaëtanVestrisasJason.(cid:2)C V&A Images/VictoriaandAlbertMuseum,London [58] 10 DancersfromtheAustralianBalletashensinLaFillemalgard´ee,1970s. NationalLibraryofAustralia.W.F.StringerCollection(photoWalter Stringer) [61] 11 ‘Moderngrace,–or–theoperaticalfinaletotheballetofAlonzoeCaro’ (RoseDidelot;CharlesLouisDidelot;MadameParisot)byJamesGillray, publishedbyHannahHumphrey,1796.(cid:2)C NationalPortraitGallery, London [64] 12 Thefivepositionsofthefeet,asdepictedbyFeuilletinhisChor´egraphie, 1700 [67] 13 Anexampleoftheopeningphraseofatheatricalduet,asnotatedby FeuilletinhisRecueildeDances,1700 [68] 14 FromCarloBlasis,TheCodeofTerpsichore,1828 [76] 15 FestivalofFederation14July1790,copperengravingbyPaulJakob [vii] Laminit,nodate [99] viii Listofillustrations 16 TheFestivaloftheSupremeBeing,8June1794attheChampsdeMarsin Paris;paintingby(Pierre)AntoineDemachy,nodate.Paris,Muse´e Carnavalet [108] 17 CarlottaGrisiasGiselle,Paris1841,fromLesBeaut´esdel’op´era,ou Chefs-d’oeuvrelyriques,illustr´esparlespremiersartistesdeParisetde LondressousladirectiondeGiraldon,avecuntexteexplicatifr´edig´epar Th´eophileGautier,JulesJaninetPhilar´eteChasles(Paris:Soulie´,1845). RareBooks,UniversityofPennsylvania [115] 18 MademoiselleMarquetinLeDieuetlaBayad`ere,opera-ballet1830. MalkinCollectionPennsylvaniaStateUniversity [118] 19and20 Cut-outpaperdolls,depictingMarieTaglioniandFannyElsslerin contemporaryfashionablefrocks,1830s.MalkinCollectionPennsylvania StateUniversity(formerlyinthecollectionofLincolnKirstein) [120,121] 21 TheDreamofaBallerina,Le´onF.Comerre,latenineteenthcentury. MalkinCollectionPennsylvaniaStateUniversity [124] 22 TheRoyalDanishBallet,Season2003/4.AugustBournonville,La Sylphide.GudrunBojesen,ThomasLund(photo:MartinMyntskov Rønne) [127] 23 TheRoyalDanishBallet,Season2003/4.AugustBournonville,LaSylphide, rehearsal(photo:MartinMyntskovRønne) [128] 24 TheRoyalDanishBallet,Season2004/5.AugustBournonville,Farfrom Denmark.MadsBlangstrup,Marie-PierreGreve(photo:MartinMyntskov Rønne) [131] 25 TheRoyalDanishBallet,Season2004/5.AugustBournonville,scenefrom Napoli,Actiii (photo:MartinMyntskovRønne) [135] 26 GalaperformanceatPeterhof11July1851,fromGeirot’sOpisanie Petergofa,1868(CarlottaGrisiandJulesPerrotinTheNaiadeandthe Fisherman)MalkinCollectionPennsylvaniaStateUniversity [154] 27 SwanLake,StPetersburg1910,choreographybyLevIvanovandMarius Petipa,musicbyPyotrIlyichTchaikovsky.(cid:2)C V&AImages/Victoriaand AlbertMuseum,London [160] 28 ScenefromSwanLake,BolshoiBalletMoscow,1959(uncredited photographer) [162] 29 CaricaturebyChamfromLeCharivari,1August,1858.Bypermissionof theBritishLibrary [179] 30 FannyElssler’spointeshoes.AustrianTheatreMuseumVienna [191] 31 Pointeshoes1950–2005fromtheSovietUnion,Bulgaria,Germany,Great BritainandtheUnitedStates [195] 32 SkatingRink,LesBalletsSue´dois,1931(photoIsabey)fromLesBallets Su´edoisdansl’artcontemporaine(Paris:Trianon1931).MalkinCollection PennsylvaniaStateUniversity [207] ix Listofillustrations 33 WithintheQuota,LesBalletsSue´dois,1931(photoIsabey)fromLesBallets Su´edoisdansl’artcontemporaine(Paris:Trianon1931).MalkinCollection PennsylvaniaStateUniversity [209] 34 AnnaPavlova(photoMishkinstudioNY),fromTroyandMargaretWest Kinney(“TheKinneys”),TheDance:ItsPlaceinArtandLife(NewYork: FrederickA.StokesCompany1914,1924) [215] 35 VaclavNijinskyinthetitleroleofPetrushka,1911,choreographyby MikhailFokine.KievStateHistoricalMuseum [217] 36 PennsylvaniaBalletPrincipalDancerRiolamaLorenzowithSoloistPhilip ColucciinTheProdigalSon,choreographybyGeorgeBalanchine(photo PaulKolnik) [229] 37 SuzanneFarrellandPeterMartinsinJewels–Diamonds,choreographyby GeorgeBalanchine(photoPaulKolnik) [235] 38 GiorgiodeChirico,costumeforamaleguestinLeBal,1929.Collectionof theWadsworthAtheneum [238] 39 AliceNikitina,FeliaDoubrovska,LubovTchernicheva,SergeLifarin Apollonmusag`ete(Apollo,LeaderoftheMuses),1928.Choreographyby GeorgeBalanchine(cid:2)C TheGeorgeBalanchineTrust.MusicbyIgor Stravinsky.CourtesyofNewYorkCityBalletArchives,BalletSociety Collection [242] 40 TheAmericandepartmentstorechainLord&Taylorannouncesits presentationofTheNutcrackerinthe1974catalogue.MalkinCollection PennsylvaniaStateUniversity [251] 41 PennsylvaniaBalletCompanyMemberHeidiCruzinTheNutcracker, 2005,choreographybyGeorgeBalanchine(photoPaulKolnik) [254] 42 EscapeScenefromtheballetRedGirl’sRegiment [259] 43 ShootingScenefromtheballetRedGirl’sRegiment [260] 44 AliciaAlonsoinActiofGiselle(photoTonatiuhGutierrez) [264] 45 AliciaAlonsoinActiiofGiselle(photoTitoAlvarez) [265] 46 GalinaUlanovainActiiofGiselle,BolshoiBalletMoscow,1954 (uncreditedphotographer) [281] 47 MajaPlisetskayaasOdetteinSwanLake,BolshoiBalletMoscow,1966 (uncreditedphotographer) [282] 48 MainaGielgudinFormeetligne(Squeakydoor)byMauriceBe´jart. AustralianBallet1974.W.F.StringerCollection,NationalLibraryof Australia.(photoWalterF.Stringer) [287] 49 FeliaDoubrovskaasBrideinLesNoces,choreographybyBronislava Nijinska(photoAbbe),fromWalterArchibaldPropert,TheRussianBallet 1921–1929(London:JohnLaneTheBodleyHead,1931) [288] 50 ThreeAtmosphericStudiesbyWilliamForsythe,theForsytheCompany 2005.(photoJoris-JanBos) [289]

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TheCambridgeCompaniontoBallet Balletisaparadox:muchlovedbutlittlestudied.Itisabeautifulfairy tale;detachedfromitsoriginsandunrelatedtothemenandwomen whocreatedit.Yetballethasahistory,littleknownandrarely presented.Thesegreatworkshavedarksidesandmoralambiguities, notalwaysnorimmediatelyvisible.Thedaringandchallenging qualityofballetaswellasitsperceived‘safe’natureisnotonlyoneof itsfascinationsbutoneoftheintriguingquestionstobeexploredin thisCompanion.Theessaysrevealtheconception,intentand underlyingmeaningofballetsandre-createthehistoricalrealityin whichtheyemerged.Thereaderwillfindnewandunexpected aspectsofballet,itshistoryanditsaesthetics,theevolutionofplot andnarrative,newinsightsintotherealityoftraining,thechoiceof costumeandthetransformationofanoldartinamodernworld. The Cambridge Companion to BALLET ............ editedby MarionKant cambridge university press Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown,Singapore,Sa˜oPaulo CambridgeUniversityPress TheEdinburghBuilding,CambridgeCB28RU,UK PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9780521539869 (cid:2)C CambridgeUniversityPress2007 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithout thewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2007 PrintedintheUnitedKingdomattheUniversityPress,Cambridge AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN 978-0-521-83221-2hardback ISBN 978-0-521-53986-9paperback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyofURLsfor externalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication,anddoesnotguaranteethat anycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. Contents Listofillustrations [pagevii] Foreword IvorGuest [xi] Notesoncontributors [xiv] Chronology [xxi] Introduction MarionKant [1] (cid:2) Part I FromtheRenaissancetothebaroque:royalpowerand worldlydisplay 1 Theearlydancemanualsandthestructureofballet:abasisforItalian, FrenchandEnglishballet JenniferNevile [9] 2 Balletdecour MarinaNordera [19] 3 Englishmasques BarbaraRavelhofer [32] 4 Thebaroquebody MarkFranko [42] (cid:2) Part II Theeighteenthcentury:revolutionsintechniqueandspirit 5 Choreographyandnarrative:theballetd’actionofthe eighteenthcentury DorionWeickmann [53] 6 Theriseofballettechniqueandtraining:theprofessionalisationof anartform SandraNollHammond [65] 7 Themakingofhistory:JohnWeaverandtheEnlightenment TimBlanning [78] 8 Jean-GeorgesNoverre:danceandreform JudithChazin-Bennahum [87] 9 TheFrenchRevolutionanditsspectacles IngeBaxmann [98] (cid:2) Part III Romanticballet:balletisawoman 10 RomanticballetinFrance:1830–1850 SarahDavisCordova [113] 11 Deadly sylphs and decent mermaids: the women in the Danish romantic worldofAugustBournonville AnneMiddleboeChristensen [126] 12 Theorchestraastranslator:Frenchnineteenth-century ballet MarianE.Smith [138] 13 RussianballetintheageofPetipa LynnGarafola [151] [v] vi Contents 14 Openingthedoortoafairy-taleworld:Tchaikovsky’sballet music Th´er`eseHurley [164] 15 Theromanticballetanditscritics:dancegoespublic LuciaRuprecht [175] 16 Thesouloftheshoe MarionKant [184] (cid:2) Part IV Thetwentiethcentury:traditionbecomesmodern 17 Theballetavant-gardeI:theBalletsSue´doisanditsmodernist concept ErikNa¨slund [201] 18 Theballetavant-gardeII:the‘new’RussianandSovietdanceinthe twentiethcentury TimScholl [212] 19 GeorgeBalanchine MatildeButkas [224] 20 Balanchineandthedeconstructionofclassicism JulietBellow [237] 21 TheNutcracker:aculturalicon JenniferFisher [246] 22 FromSwanLaketoRedGirl’sRegiment:ballet’ssinicisation ZhengYangwen [256] 23 GiselleinaCubanaccent LesterTome [263] 24 Europeanballetintheageofideologies MarionKant [272] Notes [291] Bibliographyandfurtherreading [311] Indexofpersons [331] Indexofballets [339] Subjectindex [342] Listofillustrations 1 MaestrodeiTorneidiSantaCroce,cassonepanel.Lamagnanimita`di Scipione,1460.London,VictoriaandAlbertMuseum,InventoryNo: 5804.1859 [page10] 2 GuilleminelaQuinteuse,Féedelamusique.Balletdesf´eesdelaforêtde Saint-Germain(1625),drawingbyDanielRabel,Muse´eduLouvre, Inv.32604.PublishedinMarieFrançoiseChristout,Leballetdecourau XVII°si`ecle(Gene`ve:Minkoff,1987),p.76 [22] 3 Androgynes,Balletdeladouairi`eredeBillebahaut(1626),drawingby DanielRabel,Muse´eduLouvre,Inv.32692.PublishedinMarieFrançoise Christout,LeballetdecourauXVII°si`ecle(Gene`ve:Minkoff,1987),p.148 [23] 4 FaunfromLully’sLetriomphedel’amour,1681.MalkinCollection PennsylvaniaStateUniversity [26] 5 Coverpage,CoelumBritannicum1634.MalkinCollectionPennsylvania StateUniversity [35] 6 Listofmasquers,CoelumBritannicum,1634.MalkinCollection PennsylvaniaStateUniversity [36] 7 CatherineTurocy,ArtisticDirector,TheNewYorkBaroqueDance Company(photoLoisGreenfield) [44] 8 MarkFrankoinLeMarbretremble(photoMidoriShinye) [45] 9 JasonetMed´eebyJean-GeorgesNoverre,musicbyJean-JosephRodolphe 1781.FrancescoBertoluzzi(artist),GaëtanVestrisasJason.(cid:2)C V&A Images/VictoriaandAlbertMuseum,London [58] 10 DancersfromtheAustralianBalletashensinLaFillemalgard´ee,1970s. NationalLibraryofAustralia.W.F.StringerCollection(photoWalter Stringer) [61] 11 ‘Moderngrace,–or–theoperaticalfinaletotheballetofAlonzoeCaro’ (RoseDidelot;CharlesLouisDidelot;MadameParisot)byJamesGillray, publishedbyHannahHumphrey,1796.(cid:2)C NationalPortraitGallery, London [64] 12 Thefivepositionsofthefeet,asdepictedbyFeuilletinhisChor´egraphie, 1700 [67] 13 Anexampleoftheopeningphraseofatheatricalduet,asnotatedby FeuilletinhisRecueildeDances,1700 [68] 14 FromCarloBlasis,TheCodeofTerpsichore,1828 [76] 15 FestivalofFederation14July1790,copperengravingbyPaulJakob [vii] Laminit,nodate [99] viii Listofillustrations 16 TheFestivaloftheSupremeBeing,8June1794attheChampsdeMarsin Paris;paintingby(Pierre)AntoineDemachy,nodate.Paris,Muse´e Carnavalet [108] 17 CarlottaGrisiasGiselle,Paris1841,fromLesBeaut´esdel’op´era,ou Chefs-d’oeuvrelyriques,illustr´esparlespremiersartistesdeParisetde LondressousladirectiondeGiraldon,avecuntexteexplicatifr´edig´epar Th´eophileGautier,JulesJaninetPhilar´eteChasles(Paris:Soulie´,1845). RareBooks,UniversityofPennsylvania [115] 18 MademoiselleMarquetinLeDieuetlaBayad`ere,opera-ballet1830. MalkinCollectionPennsylvaniaStateUniversity [118] 19and20 Cut-outpaperdolls,depictingMarieTaglioniandFannyElsslerin contemporaryfashionablefrocks,1830s.MalkinCollectionPennsylvania StateUniversity(formerlyinthecollectionofLincolnKirstein) [120,121] 21 TheDreamofaBallerina,Le´onF.Comerre,latenineteenthcentury. MalkinCollectionPennsylvaniaStateUniversity [124] 22 TheRoyalDanishBallet,Season2003/4.AugustBournonville,La Sylphide.GudrunBojesen,ThomasLund(photo:MartinMyntskov Rønne) [127] 23 TheRoyalDanishBallet,Season2003/4.AugustBournonville,LaSylphide, rehearsal(photo:MartinMyntskovRønne) [128] 24 TheRoyalDanishBallet,Season2004/5.AugustBournonville,Farfrom Denmark.MadsBlangstrup,Marie-PierreGreve(photo:MartinMyntskov Rønne) [131] 25 TheRoyalDanishBallet,Season2004/5.AugustBournonville,scenefrom Napoli,Actiii (photo:MartinMyntskovRønne) [135] 26 GalaperformanceatPeterhof11July1851,fromGeirot’sOpisanie Petergofa,1868(CarlottaGrisiandJulesPerrotinTheNaiadeandthe Fisherman)MalkinCollectionPennsylvaniaStateUniversity [154] 27 SwanLake,StPetersburg1910,choreographybyLevIvanovandMarius Petipa,musicbyPyotrIlyichTchaikovsky.(cid:2)C V&AImages/Victoriaand AlbertMuseum,London [160] 28 ScenefromSwanLake,BolshoiBalletMoscow,1959(uncredited photographer) [162] 29 CaricaturebyChamfromLeCharivari,1August,1858.Bypermissionof theBritishLibrary [179] 30 FannyElssler’spointeshoes.AustrianTheatreMuseumVienna [191] 31 Pointeshoes1950–2005fromtheSovietUnion,Bulgaria,Germany,Great BritainandtheUnitedStates [195] 32 SkatingRink,LesBalletsSue´dois,1931(photoIsabey)fromLesBallets Su´edoisdansl’artcontemporaine(Paris:Trianon1931).MalkinCollection PennsylvaniaStateUniversity [207] ix Listofillustrations 33 WithintheQuota,LesBalletsSue´dois,1931(photoIsabey)fromLesBallets Su´edoisdansl’artcontemporaine(Paris:Trianon1931).MalkinCollection PennsylvaniaStateUniversity [209] 34 AnnaPavlova(photoMishkinstudioNY),fromTroyandMargaretWest Kinney(“TheKinneys”),TheDance:ItsPlaceinArtandLife(NewYork: FrederickA.StokesCompany1914,1924) [215] 35 VaclavNijinskyinthetitleroleofPetrushka,1911,choreographyby MikhailFokine.KievStateHistoricalMuseum [217] 36 PennsylvaniaBalletPrincipalDancerRiolamaLorenzowithSoloistPhilip ColucciinTheProdigalSon,choreographybyGeorgeBalanchine(photo PaulKolnik) [229] 37 SuzanneFarrellandPeterMartinsinJewels–Diamonds,choreographyby GeorgeBalanchine(photoPaulKolnik) [235] 38 GiorgiodeChirico,costumeforamaleguestinLeBal,1929.Collectionof theWadsworthAtheneum [238] 39 AliceNikitina,FeliaDoubrovska,LubovTchernicheva,SergeLifarin Apollonmusag`ete(Apollo,LeaderoftheMuses),1928.Choreographyby GeorgeBalanchine(cid:2)C TheGeorgeBalanchineTrust.MusicbyIgor Stravinsky.CourtesyofNewYorkCityBalletArchives,BalletSociety Collection [242] 40 TheAmericandepartmentstorechainLord&Taylorannouncesits presentationofTheNutcrackerinthe1974catalogue.MalkinCollection PennsylvaniaStateUniversity [251] 41 PennsylvaniaBalletCompanyMemberHeidiCruzinTheNutcracker, 2005,choreographybyGeorgeBalanchine(photoPaulKolnik) [254] 42 EscapeScenefromtheballetRedGirl’sRegiment [259] 43 ShootingScenefromtheballetRedGirl’sRegiment [260] 44 AliciaAlonsoinActiofGiselle(photoTonatiuhGutierrez) [264] 45 AliciaAlonsoinActiiofGiselle(photoTitoAlvarez) [265] 46 GalinaUlanovainActiiofGiselle,BolshoiBalletMoscow,1954 (uncreditedphotographer) [281] 47 MajaPlisetskayaasOdetteinSwanLake,BolshoiBalletMoscow,1966 (uncreditedphotographer) [282] 48 MainaGielgudinFormeetligne(Squeakydoor)byMauriceBe´jart. AustralianBallet1974.W.F.StringerCollection,NationalLibraryof Australia.(photoWalterF.Stringer) [287] 49 FeliaDoubrovskaasBrideinLesNoces,choreographybyBronislava Nijinska(photoAbbe),fromWalterArchibaldPropert,TheRussianBallet 1921–1929(London:JohnLaneTheBodleyHead,1931) [288] 50 ThreeAtmosphericStudiesbyWilliamForsythe,theForsytheCompany 2005.(photoJoris-JanBos) [289]

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