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Th e Cambridge Companion to Arvo P ä rt Arvo P ä rt is one of the most infl uential and widely performed contemporary composers. Around 1976 he developed an innovative new compositional technique called ‘tintinnabuli’ (Latin for ‘sounding bells’), with which he has had an extraordinary degree of success. His music is frequently performed around the world and has been used in award-winning fi lms, and pieces such as F ü r Alina and Spiegel im Spiegel have become standard repertoire. Th is collection of essays, written by a distinguished international group of scholars and performers, is the essential guide to Arvo P ä rt, and his music. Th e book begins with a general introduction to P ä rt’s life and works, covering important biographical details and outlining his most signifi cant compositions. Two chapters analyze the tintinnabuli style and are complemented by essays which discuss P ä rt’s creative process. Th e book also examines the spiritual aspect of P ä rt’s music, and contextualizes him in the cultural milieu of the twenty-fi rst century and in the marketplace. Andrew Shenton is Associate Professor of Music at Boston University. Th e Cambridge Companion to ARVO P Ä RT edited by Andrew Shenton Boston University, USA cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, S ã o Paulo, Delhi, Mexico City Cambridge University Press Th e Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521279109 © Cambridge University Press 2012 Th is publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2012 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data Th e Cambridge companion to Arvo Pärt / [edited by] Andrew Shenton. p. cm. – (Cambridge companions to music) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-107-00989-9 (hardback) – ISBN 978-0-521-27910-9 (paperback) 1. Pärt, Arvo – Criticism and interpretation. I. Shenton, Andrew, 1962– ML410.P1755C36 2012 780′.92–dc23 2012005155 ISBN 978-1-107-00989-9 Hardback ISBN 978-0-521-27910-9 Paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. For Nora P ä rt Contents List of fi gures, plates and tables [ page ix] List of music examples [x] List of contributors [ xii] Acknowledgements [xvi] Editor’s notes [xvii] Chronology [xviii] 1 Introduction: the essential and phenomenal Arvo P ä rt Andrew Shenton [1 ] 2 A narrow path to the truth: Arvo P ä rt and the 1960s and 1970s in Soviet Estonia Immo Mihkelson [10 ] 3 Perspectives on Arvo P ä rt aft er 1980 Jeff ers Engelhardt [29 ] 4 Musical archetypes: the basic elements of the tintinnabuli style Leopold Brauneiss [49 ] 5 Analyzing P ä rt Th omas Robinson [76 ] 6 Arvo P ä rt: in his own words Andrew Shenton [111 ] 7 Bells as inspiration for tintinnabulation Marguerite Bostonia [128 ] 8 Arvo P ä rt and spirituality Robert Sholl [140 ] 9 Th e minimalism of Arvo P ä rt: an ‘antidote’ to modernism and multiplicity? Benjamin Skipp [159 ] 10 Arvo P ä rt in the marketplace Laura Dolp [177 ] A Radiating from silence: the works of Arvo P ä rt seen through a musician’s eyes Andreas Peer K ä hler [193 ] B Greatly sensitive: Alfred Schnittke in Tallinn Arvo P ä rt [ 198 ] C Remembering Heino Eller [vii] Arvo P ä rt [ 199 ] viii Contents D Acceptance speech for the International Bridge Prize of the European City of G ör litz Arvo P ä rt [200 ] E Acceptance speech for the L é onie Sonning Music Prize 2008 Arvo P ä rt [202 ] F Works list [203 ] Notes [223 ] Select bibliography [237 ] Index [247 ] Figures, plates and tables Figures 4.1 Diff erent layers of the tintinnabuli style [page 54] 7.1 H armonic series of a string, tuned and untuned bells (strike tones of bells included) [137 ] Plates 0.1 Some of the contributors with Arvo P ä rt [xv] 6.1 Sketches by P ä rt indicating the design of some early tintinnabuli works [116 ] 7.1 Th e bells at St. Mary Lowgate, Kingston upon Hull, Yorkshire, England in the ‘up’ position [132 ] 7.2 Th eodore C. Butz Memorial Carillon, Chicago Botanic Gardens, USA [133 ] 7.3 Church of St. Nicholas, Ozeretskoe village, Moscow region, Russia [134 ] 10.1 ECM New Series Tabula rasa (1984) [180 ] 10.2 ECM Passio (1988) [185 ] 10.3 ECM Kanon Pokajanen (1997) [187 ] Tables 4.1 Berliner Messe , melodic modes in Kyrie [68 ] 5.1 A simple style analysis of O rient & Occident [80 ] [ix]