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the cambridge companion to ARABIC PHILOSOPHY Philosophy written in Arabic and in the Islamic world rep- resents one of the great traditions of Western philosophy. Inspired by Greek philosophical works and the indigenous ideasofIslamictheology,Arabicphilosophersfromtheninth centuryonwardsputforwardideasofgreatphilosophicaland historical importance. This collection of essays, by some of theleadingscholarsinArabicphilosophy,providesanintro- duction to the field by way of chapters devoted to individ- ual thinkers (such as al-Fa¯ra¯bı¯, Avicenna, and Averroes) or groups,especiallyduringthe‘classical’periodfromtheninth tothetwelfthcenturies.Italsoincludeschaptersonareasof philosophicalinquiryacrossthetradition,suchasethicsand metaphysics. Finally, it includes chapters on later Islamic thought,andontheconnectionsbetweenArabicphilosophy and Greek, Jewish, and Latin philosophy. The volume also includesausefulbibliographyandachronologyofthemost importantArabicthinkers. othervolumesintheseriesofcambridgecompanions ABELARD Editedby jeffrey e. brower and kevin guilfoy ADORNO Editedby thomas huhn AQUINAS Editedby norman kretzmann and eleonore stump HANNAH ARENDT Editedby dana villa ARISTOTLE Editedby jonathan barnes AUGUSTINE Editedby eleonore stump and norman kretzmann BACON Editedby markku peltonen SIMONE DE BEAUVOIR Editedby claudia card BRENTANO Editedby dale jacquette CRITICAL THEORY Editedby fred rush DARWIN Editedby jonathan hodge and gregory radick DESCARTES Editedby john cottingham DUNS SCOTUS Editedby thomas williams EARLY GREEK PHILOSOPHY Editedby a. a. long FEMINISM IN PHILOSOPHY Editedby miranda fricker and jennifer hornsby FOUCAULT Editedby gary gutting FREUD Editedby jerome neu GADAMER Editedby robert j. dostal GALILEO Editedby peter machamer GERMAN IDEALISM Editedby karl ameriks GREEK AND ROMAN PHILOSOPHY Editedby david sedley HABERMAS Editedby stephen k. white HEGEL Editedby frederick beiser HEIDEGGER Editedby charles guignon HOBBES Editedby tom sorell HUME Editedby david fate norton HUSSERL Editedby barry smith and david woodruff smith WILLIAM JAMES Editedby ruth anna putnam KANT Editedby paul guyer KIERKEGAARD Editedby alastair hannay and gordon marino LEIBNIZ Editedby nicholas jolley LEVINAS Editedby simon critchley and robert bernasconi LOCKE Editedby vere chappell MALEBRANCHE Editedby steven nadler MARX Editedby terrell carver MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY Editedby a. s. mcgrade MEDIEVAL JEWISH PHILOSOPHY Editedby daniel h. frank and oliver leaman MERLEAU-PONTY Editedby taylor carman and mark hansen MILL Editedby john skorupski NEWTON Editedby i. bernard cohen and george e. smith NIETZSCHE Editedby bernd magnus and kathleen higgins OCKHAM Editedby paul vincent spade PASCAL Editedby nicholas hammond PEIRCE Editedby cheryl misak PLATO Editedby richard kraut PLOTINUS Editedby lloyd p. gerson RAWLS Editedby samuel freeman QUINE Editedby roger f. gibson THOMAS REID Editedby terence cuneo and rene van woudenberg ROUSSEAU Editedby patrick riley BERTRAND RUSSELL Editedby nicholas grifﬁn SARTRE Editedby christina howells SCHOPENHAUER Editedby christopher janaway THE SCOTTISH ENLIGHTENMENT Editedby alexander broadie SPINOZA Editedby don garrett THE STOICS Editedby brad inwood WITTGENSTEIN Editedby hans sluga and david stern The Cambridge Companion to A R A B I C P H I L O S O P H Y Editedby Peter Adamson King’sCollegeLondon Richard C. Taylor MarquetteUniversity publishedbythepresssyndicateoftheuniversityofcambridge ThePittBuilding,TrumpingtonStreet,Cambridge,UnitedKingdom cambridgeuniversitypress TheEdinburghBuilding,Cambridge,cb22ru,UK 40West20thStreet,NewYork,ny10011–4211,USA 477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,vic3207,Australia RuizdeAlarco´n13,28014Madrid,Spain DockHouse,TheWaterfront,CapeTown8001,SouthAfrica http://www.cambridge.org (cid:1)C CambridgeUniversityPress2005 Thisbookisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithout thewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2005 PrintedintheUnitedKingdomattheUniversityPress,Cambridge TypefaceTrumpMedieval10/13pt. SystemLATEX2ε [tb] AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloguinginPublicationdata TheCambridgecompaniontoArabicphilosophy/editedbyPeterAdamsonand RichardC.Taylor. p. cm.–(Cambridgecompanionstophilosophy) Includesbibliographicalreferences(p.)andindex. isbn0521817439–isbn052152069X(pb.) 1.Philosophy,Arab. i.Adamson,Peter,1972– ii.Taylor,RichardC.,1950– iii.Series. b741.c36 2004 181(cid:2).92–dc22 2004049660 isbn0521817439hardback isbn052152069Xpaperback ThepublisherhasusedhisbestendeavourstoensurethattheURLsforexternal websitesreferredtointhisbookarecorrectandactiveatthetimeofgoingtopress. However,thepublisherhasnoresponsibilityforthewebsitesandcanmakeno guaranteethatasitewillremainliveorthatthecontentisorwillremain appropriate. contents Notes on contributors page ix Note on the text xiii Chronology of major philosophers in the Arabic tradition xv 1 Introduction 1 peter adamson and richard c. taylor 2 Greek into Arabic: Neoplatonism in translation 10 cristina d’ancona 3 Al-Kindı¯ and the reception of Greek philosophy 32 peter adamson 4 Al-Fa¯ra¯bı¯ and the philosophical curriculum 52 david c. reisman 5 The Isma¯‘ı¯lı¯s 72 paul e. walker 6 Avicenna and the Avicennian Tradition 92 robert wisnovsky 7 Al-Ghaza¯lı¯ 137 michael e. marmura 8 Philosophy in Andalusia: Ibn Ba¯jja and Ibn T.ufayl 155 josef puig montada vii viii Contents 9 Averroes: religious dialectic and Aristotelian philosophical thought 180 richard c. taylor 10 Suhrawardı¯ and Illuminationism 201 john walbridge 11 Mysticism and philosophy: Ibn ‘Arabı¯ and Mulla¯ S.adra¯ 224 sajjad h. rizvi 12 Logic 247 tony street 13 Ethical and political philosophy 266 charles e. butterworth 14 Natural philosophy 287 marwan rashed 15 Psychology: soul and intellect 308 deborah l. black 16 Metaphysics 327 the´re`se-anne druart 17 Islamic philosophy and Jewish philosophy 349 steven harvey 18 Arabic into Latin: the reception of Arabic philosophy into Western Europe 370 charles burnett 19 Recent trends in Arabic and Persian philosophy 405 hossein ziai Select bibliography and further reading 426 Index 442 notes on contributors peter adamson is a Lecturer in Philosophy at King’s College London. He has published several articles on the circle of al-Kindı¯ and is the author of The Arabic Plotinus: A Philosophical Study of the“TheologyofAristotle”(2002). deborah l. black isProfessorofPhilosophyandMedievalStud- ies at the University of Toronto. She is the author of Logic and Aristotle’s“Rhetoric”and“Poetics”inMedievalArabicPhilosophy (1990), and of several articles on medieval Arabic and Latin philosophy,focusingonissuesinepistemology,cognitivepsychology,and metaphysics. charles burnett is Professor in the History of Arabic/Islamic InfluenceinEuropeattheWarburgInstitute,UniversityofLondon. He has written extensively on the transmission of Arabic learning totheWestandhaseditedseveralLatintranslationsofArabictexts. charles e. butterworth isProfessorofGovernmentandPol- itics at the University of Maryland, College Park. His publications includecriticaleditionsofmostoftheMiddleCommentarieswritten by Averroes on Aristotle’s logic; translations of books and treatises byAverroes,al-Fa¯ra¯bı¯,andal-Ra¯zı¯,aswellasMaimonides;andstud- ies of different aspects of the political teaching of these and other thinkers in the ancient, medieval, and modern tradition of philosophy.Inaddition,hehaswrittenmonographanalysesofthepolitical thoughtofFrantzFanonandJean-JacquesRousseauandhasalsowrit- ten extensively on contemporary Islamic political thought. He is a memberofseverallearnedorganizations. ix x Notesoncontributors cristina d’ancona is research assistant in the Department of PhilosophyoftheUniversita` degliStudidiPisa.Herresearchfocuses on Greek and Arabic Neoplatonism. The author of Recherches sur le “Liber de Causis” (1995) and numerous articles about the transmission of Greek thought into Arabic, she is currently writing a commentaryonandtranslationoftheGraeco-ArabicPlotinus. the´re`se-anne druart is Professor of Philosophy and Director of the Center for Medieval and Byzantine Studies at The Catholic UniversityofAmerica.Herrecentpublicationsinclude“Philosophy in Islam” for The Cambridge Companion to Medieval Philosophy. She publishes regular bibliographies in Islamic philosophy and the- ologyandispreparingabookonal-Fa¯ra¯bı¯’smetaphysics. steven harvey, Professor of Philosophy at Bar-Ilan University, Israel, is the author of Falaquera’s Epistle of the Debate: An Intro- ductiontoJewishPhilosophy(1987)andtheeditorofTheMedieval Hebrew Encyclopedias of Science and Philosophy (2000). He has written numerous articles on the medieval Jewish and Islamic philosophers, with special focus on Averroes’ commentaries on AristotleandontheinfluenceoftheIslamicphilosophersonJewish thought. michael e. marmura isProfessorEmeritusattheUniversityof Toronto and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. His area of research is Islamic thought, and his publications in this area have included numerous articles on Avicenna and al-Ghaza¯lı¯. They also includeeditionsandtranslations,includingafacing-pagetranslation ofal-Ghaza¯lı¯’sIncoherenceofthePhilosophers(1997)andAvicenna’s Metaphysicsfromal-Shifa¯’(forthcoming). josef puig montada is Professor of Arabic and Islamic Studies at Universidad Complutense of Madrid. He has edited and trans- latedtextsofAvempaceandAverroes,onwhomhehaspublishedan introductorymonograph,Averroes:juez,me´dicoyfilo´sofoandalusı´ (1998).HehasalsopublishedarticlesonanumberofArabthinkers andonvarioussubjectsofIslamicphilosophyandtheology. marwan rashed is research fellow at the CNRS in Paris. His area of research includes ancient and medieval philosophy. He has published Die U¨berlieferungsgeschichte der aristotelischen Schrift Notesoncontributors xi “De Generatione et Corruptione” (2001), and his edition of the De Generatione et Corruptione will appear in the Bude´ series in 2004. He is currently working on the edition of the fragments of AlexanderofAphrodisias’commentaryonAristotle’sPhysics. david c. reisman is Assistant Professor of Arabic-Islamic Thought at the University of Illinois, Chicago. He is author of The Making of the Avicennan Tradition (2002) and editor of Before and AfterAvicenna(2003). sajjad h. rizvi is Research Associate in Islamic Philosophy at theUniversityofBristol.AspecialistonlaterIslamicphilosophyand hermeneutics, he is the author of the forthcoming Understanding theWordofGodandMullaSadra:APhilosopherforMystics? tony street is the Hartwell Assistant Director of Research in Islamic Studies at the Faculty of Divinity at the University of Cambridge.HehaspublishedanumberofarticlesonArabiclogic. richard c. taylor , of the Philosophy Department at Marquette University, works in Arabic philosophy, its Greek sources, and its Latin influences. He has written on the Liber de Causis, Averroes, and other related topics. He has a complete English translation of Averroes’ Long Commentary on the “De Anima”ofAristotleforthcoming. john walbridge is Professor of Near Eastern Languages and Adjunct Professor of Philosophy and of History and Philosophy of ScienceatIndianaUniversity,Bloomington.Heistheauthororco- author of four books on Suhrawardı¯ and his school. He is currently workingontwobooksontheroleofrationalisminIslamicciviliza- tion. paul e. walker isaresearchassociateinNearEasternLanguages attheUniversityofChicago.HeistheauthorofEarlyPhilosophical Shiism (1993), Ha¯mı¯d al-Dı¯n al-Kirma¯nı¯ (1999), and Exploring an IslamicEmpire:FatimidHistoryandItsSources(2002),alongwith severaleditionsandtranslationsofimportantIslamictextsincluding A Guide to Conclusive Proofs for the Principles of Belief: Kita¯b al- irsha¯dila¯ qawa¯t.i‘al-adillafı¯us.u¯lal-i‘tiqa¯dbyal-Juwaynı¯(2000)and numerousarticlesonaspectsofIsma¯‘ı¯lı¯ historyandthought.

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ual thinkers (such as al-Fa¯ra¯bı¯, Avicenna, and Averroes) or groups, especially during . duction to Jewish Philosophy (1987) and the editor of The Medieval. Hebrew .. Debates and contests on logic, grammar, theology, and philosophy by Muslims .. As we learn from the biography that Porphyry