The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 3, Part 3: The Expansion of the Greek World, Eighth to Sixth Centuries BC

526 Pages·1982·31.88 MB·English

by  John Boardman

THE CAMBRIDGE
ANCIENT HISTORY
SECOND EDITION
VOLUME III
PART 3
The Expansion of the Greek World,
Eighth to Sixth Centuries B.C.
Edited by
JOHN BOARDMAN F.B.A.
Lincoln Professor of Classical Archaeology and Art
in the University of Oxford
N. G. L. HAMMOND F.B.A.
Professor Emeritus of Greek
University of Bristol
CAMBRIDGE
UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE
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CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
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© Cambridge University Press 1981
This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without
the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 1925
Second edition 1982
Seventh printing 2006
Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge
British Library Cataloguing in Publication data
The Cambridge Ancient History. - 2nd ed.
Vol. 3 : Part. 3: The expansion of the Greek world, eighth
to sixth centuries B.C.
1. History, Ancient
I. Boardman, John II. Hammond, N. G. L.
930 D57 75-85719
ISBN O 521 23447 <•
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
CONTENTS
List of maps page ix
List of text-figures xi
Preface xiii
36*7 The Greeks in the Near East 1
by T. F. R. G. BRAUN, Fellow of Merton College and Lecturer in
Ancient History in the University of Oxford
1 Names and places 1
11 Phoenicians in Greece 5
in Greek trade and settlement in the Levant 7
iv Assyrian kings and the Greeks 14
v The Neo-Babylonian empire and the Greeks 21
vi Near Eastern influences on the Greeks 24
36^ The Greeks in Egypt 32
by T. F. R. G. BRAUN
1 Greek-Egyptian relations before Psammetichus I 32
n Psammetichus I and the first settlement of Greeks and
Carians 35
in Naucratis 37
iv Other Greek and Carian settlements in Egypt 43
v Greek forces in campaigns of the Sake dynasty 49
vi The Greek debt to Egypt 53
36^ Cyprus 57
by V. KARAGEORGHIS, Director of Antiquities, Cyprus
1 Assyrian domination and a century of independence 57
11 Egyptian domination 64
in The first years of Persian domination 69
The Cypriot syllabary 71
by T. B. MITFORD, formerly Professor of Classical Archaeology in
the University of St Andrews
and OLIVIER MASSON, Professor of Greek in the University of Paris
X - Nanterres and at the Ecote Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Paris
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VI CONTENTS
37 The colonial expansion of Greece 83
by A. J. GRAHAM, Professor of Classics at the University of
Pennsylvania
1 Introduction 83
11 The south coast of Asia Minor and north Syria 92
in Sicily and southern Italy 94
rv The north coast of the Aegean 113
v Hellespont, Propontis, Bosporus 118
vi Pontus 122
VII North-west Greece and the Adriatic 130
viii North Africa 1 34
rx The far west 139
x Foundation 143
xi Relations with, the mother city 15 3
XII Relations with the natiye population 155
xiii Causation 157
xiv Conclusion 159
38 The western Greeks 163
by A. J. GRAHAM
1 Major foundations after 700 163
11 The expansion of the Greek colonies 175
in Greeks and Phoenicians 186
iv The internal developments of the Greek states and
their relations 189
39a The eastern Greeks J9*>
by J. M. COOK, Professor Emeritus of Ancient History and Classical
Archaeology in the University of Bristol
1 The literary evidence 196
11 The material evidence 202
in The overseas expansion of the eastern Greeks 211
tv The East Greek acme 215
39^ Crete 222
£7 JOHN BOARDMAN, Lincoln Professor of Classical Archaeology
and Art in the University of Oxford
39^ Cretan laws and society 234
by R. F.WILLETTS, Professor of Greek in the University of Birmingham
39*/ Euboea and the islands 249
by W. G. G. FORREST, Fellow of New College and Wykeham
Professor of Ancient History in the University of Oxford
1 Euboea, 700—500 B.C. 249
n The islands 253
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CONTENTS Vll
40 Illyris, Epirus and Macedonia 261
by N. G. L. HAMMOND, Professor Emeritus of Greek in the
University of Bristol
1 Illyrian and Epirotic tribes in Illyris and west Macedonia 261
11 Settlers on the coast and the tribes in Epirus 266
in Macedonia 273
41 Central Greece and Thessaly 286
by W. G. G. FORREST
I Hesiod 286
11 Boeotia, 700-500 B.C. 288
in Thessaly, 700-500 B.C. 294
iv East and West Locris, Phocis, Malis, Doris, 700-500 B.C. 300
v Delphi, 750-500 B.C. 3°5
42 The Peloponnese 321
by N. G. L. HAMMOND
I Some problems of chronology 321
11 The pursuit of power by the Dorian states, c. 750-650 B.C. 326
in The pursuit of power by individuals, c. 650-5 50 B.C. 341
iv Struggles for survival and supremacy, c, 650—530 B.C. 351
43 The growth of the Athenian state 360
by A. AN DREW ES, former/y Wykeham Professor of Ancient History
in the University of Oxford
1 The unification of Attica 360
11 The aristocratic state 363
in Cylon to Solon 368
iv Solon 375
44 The tyranny of Pisistratus 392
by A. ANDREWES
1 Solon to Pisistratus 392
II Vicissitudes of Pisistratus 398
in The tyranny established 4 02
45a Economic and social conditions in the Greek world 417
by C. G. STARR, Professor of History at the University of Michigan
1 Introduction 4J7
II The forces in economic development 4!9
in The agricultural world 422
iv The effects of economic expansion 425
v Economic tensions 431
vi Social developments 436
VII Aristocratic life 438
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Vlll CONTENTS
45£ The material culture of Archaic Greece 442
by JOHN BOARDMAN
Chronological table 463
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Abbreviations 469
A General 471
B The east, Egypt and Cyprus 473
1 The east 473
11 Egypt 476
in Cyprus 478
iv Cypriot script 479
C Colonization 480
1 General 480
11 The west 480
in North Aegean 488
iv The Black Sea and approaches 488
v North Africa 490
D The Greek islands and East Greece 490
1 Islands and East Greece 490
11 Crete 494
E The Greek mainland 496
1 Illyris, Epirus and Macedonia 496
11 Thessaly and Central Greece 499
in Laconia and Messenia 501
iv The Argolic peninsula 502
v Corinthia and Megara 504
vi The rest of the Peloponnese 504
F Athens and Attica 505
1 General 505
11 The early period 506
in Solon 506
iv Pisistratus 507
G Economic and social conditions 508
H Material culture and art 510
Index 5' 3
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MAPS
1 The Near East page z
2 Egypt 34
3 The Nile Delta 34
4 Cyprus 58
5 The western Mediterranean 84
6 The central Mediterranean 86
7 The eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea 88
8 Sicily and Magna Graecia 96
9 The north Aegean and the Propontis 114
10 Sicily 164
11 South Italy 170
12 East Greece 198
13 Crete 224
14 The islands 250
15 Illyris, Epirus and Macedonia 262
16 Boeotia 290
17 Central Greece and Thessaly 296
18 The Peloponnese and the Megarid 322
IX
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TEXT-FIGURES
1 Finds of Greek Middle and Late Geometric pottery in the east page 8
2 Sketch plan of the site at Naucratis 42
3 Grave stele from Abusir 45
4 Egyptian bronze base for a statuette from Memphis, with Greek
dedicatory inscription 47
5 Tomb painting at Siwa Oasis, from the tomb of Siamun 48
6 Graffito by a Greek mercenary on the leg of a colossal statue at
Abu Simbel 50
7 Decoration from 9. Bichrome IV jug from Karpass 63
8 Plan of the site at Meniko Litharkes 68
9 Silver coin naming Euelthon 70
10 The 'Bulwer Tablet' 73
11 The Common Syllabary 76
12 The Old Paphian Syllabary 79
13 The Signaries of Kafizin 81
14 Phoenician bronze bowl, from Francavilla 97
15 Plan of Pithecusa 98
16 'Nestor's cup' from Pithecusa 100
17 'Lyre-Player' group seal from Pithecusa 100
18 Plan of Syracuse 106
19 Plan of Megara Hyblaea 108
20 Plan of the Taras area 111
21 Plan of Taras 111
22 Plan of the Olbia area 125
23 Plan of Olbia 127
24 Leoxos' stele, marble gravestone from Olbia 128
25 Silphium fruit and plant on two silver tetradrachms of Cyrene 138
26 Plan of Gela 165
27 Plan of Acragas 166
28 Plan of Selinus 168
29 Plan of the Siris area, showing the relationship between Siris and
Heraclea according to Strabo 173
30 Plan of Casmenae 176
31 Reconstruction of the city of Smyrna at the end of the seventh
century B.C. 202
32 Reconstruction of the South Stoa at the Heraeum, Samos 204
xi
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XU TEXT-FIGURES
3 3 Wild Goat style oenochoe from Vroulia, Rhodes 206
34 Chian wine amphora from Smyrna 216
35 Hecataeus' map of the world 221
36 Clay vessel 226
37 Houses at Goulediana 8
22
38 Stele from Prinias 228
39 Bronze 'kothon' from near Cnossus 231
40 Bronze plaque showing Hermes Dendrites, from the sanctuary at
Kato Syme 231
41 The Gortyn alphabet, a passage from the Code, its transcription
and translation 239
42 Eretria, the West Gate area in the sixth century B.C. 252
43 Seventh- and sixth-century objects from north of the Greek
peninsula 264
44 A Boeotian 'bird-cup' from Thebes 291
45 Reconstruction of a tripod dedication at the Ptoion sanctuary 292
46 Silver coin of Haliartus 293
47 Stone halter (jumping weight) from Olympia 524
48 Penteconter, from an Athenian black-figure dinos 336
49 Stone spit-holder from the sanctuary of Hera at Perachora j jg
50 Scene on a Corinthian alabastron from Corinth, showing a hoplite
panoply
}41
51 Gold bowl fround in the bed of the River Alpheus at Olympia 348
52 The diolkos at the Corinthian Isthmus 349
53 Reconstruction of a bronze cauldron from Olympia 359
54 The late seventh-century wall at Smyrna, reconstructed by
R. V. Nicholls 443
j; Sketch plan of the city of Samos 444
56 Reconstruction of a seventh-century house and granary at Smyrna,
by R. V. Nicholls 6
44
57 Plan of the acropolis and 'palace' at Buruncuk ('Larisa') 447
58 Reconstruction of an orientalizing bronze cauldron and stand from
Olympia 448
59 An Ionian bronze belt of Phrygian pattern, from Emporio, Chios 449
60 Symposium, from an Athenian black-figure cup by the Heidelberg
Painter 452
61 A merchantman and a bireme, from an Athenian black-figure cup 45 5
62 A hoplite, from an Athenian black-figure vase by the Amasis
Painter 455
63 Komast dancer from a Corinthian black-figure plate, from Corinth 460
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