The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 14: Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, AD 425-600

1121 Pages·2001·20.59 MB·English

by  Averil Cameron

THE CAMBRIDGE
ANCIENT HISTORY
VOLUME XIV
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
THE CAMBRIDGE
ANCIENT HISTORY
VOLUME XIV
Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors,
a.d. 425 600
–
Edited by
AVERIL CAMERON
Warden of Keble College, Oxford
BRYAN WARD-PERKINS
Fellow of Trinity College, Oxford
MICHAEL WHITBY
Professor of Ancient History, University of Warwick
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
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CONTENTS
List of maps page xiii
List of text-figures xiv
Preface xvii
PART I CHRONOLOGICAL OVERVIEW
11 The western empire,425–76 1
bypeter heather,Reader in Early Medieval History, University
CollegeLondon
i The era of Aetius,425–54 5
ii The fall of the western empire 18
iii Conclusion 30
12 The eastern empire:Theodosius to Anastasius 33
bya. d. lee,Senior Lecturer in Classics and Ancient History at the
Universityof Wales, Lampeter
i Theodosius II 34
ii The successors of Theodosius 42
iii Anastasius 52
13 Justin I and Justinian 63
byaveril cameron
i Justin I (518–27) 63
ii Justinian’s early years (527–32) 65
iii St Sophia,the ‘reconquest’and the middle years
(c.532–54) 72
iv Religious policy:the Three Chapters and the Fifth
OecumenicalCouncil 79
v The last decade (c.554–65) 82
14 The successors of Justinian 86
bymichael whitby
v
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vi contents
i Justin II page86
ii Tiberius 94
iii Maurice 99
iv Conclusion 108
15 The western kingdoms 112
byroger collins,Research Fellow in the Department of History,
University of Edinburgh
i Gaul:Visigothic kingdom,418–507 112
ii The Burgundian kingdom,412–534 114
iii Frankish Gaul,481–596 116
iv Spain:the Suevic kingdoms,425–584 121
v Visigothic Spain,456–601 122
vi Vandal Africa,429–533 124
vii Ostrogothic Italy,493–535 126
viii Italy:the Lombards,568–90 130
ix The British Isles:Anglo-Saxon,Irish and Pictish
kingdoms,410–597 132
PART II GOVERNMENT AND INSTITUTIONS
16 Emperor and court 135
bymichael mccormick,Professor of History, Harvard University
i The physical context of power 136
ii The emperor 142
iii The court:the human element 145
iv Court and ceremony 156
v Court and culture 160
17 Government and administration 164
bysam barnish,Lecturer in Late Roman and Early Medieval
EuropeanHistory, Royal Holloway College, University of London,
a. d. leeandmichael whitby
i Sources 165
ii The structures of government 170
iii Administration in operation 181
iv Administrative change 193
v From Rome to Byzantium 203
18 Administration and politics in the cities of the Wfth to the mid
seventh century:425–640 207
byj. h. w. g. liebeschuetz,Professor Emeritus of the University of
Nottingham
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contents vii
i East and west:common trends page 207
ii The cities of the east 210
iii Administration and politics in the west 229
iv Conclusion 236
19 Roman law 238
bydetlef liebs,Professor of Roman and Civil Law, University of
Freiburgim Breisgau
i Introduction:law in the late Roman empire 238
ii The jurisdiction 240
iii Sources of law and law making 242
iv CodiWcation 244
v Law schools 253
vi Legal literature 255
vii Continuity,vulgarization,classicism 258
10 Law in the western kingdoms between the Wfth and the seventh
century 260
byt. m. charles-edwards,Jesus Professor of Celtic, University of
Oxford
i Law and ethnic identity 262
ii Edicts and judgements 263
iii Lawbooks and codes 269
iv The evolution of Frankish written law 271
v From north-west Europe to the Mediterranean 278
vi Barbarian and Roman law 282
vii Burgundian and Gothic law 284
11 The army,c.420–602 288
bymichael whitby
i Troops:categories,conditions of service,numbers 288
ii Navies 293
iii Western collapse 295
iv The eastern army:men and resources 300
v Eastern survival 308
PART III EAST AND WEST: ECONOMY
AND SOCIETY
12 Land,labour and settlement 315
bybryan ward-perkins
i The issues and the evidence 315
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viii contents
ii Population;the spread of settlement;demographic
decline? page 320
iii Rural settlement (villages,farmsteads and villas) 327
iv Rural fortiWcations 335
v The pattern of land ownership;the status of peasants 336
13 Specialized production and exchange 346
bybryan ward-perkins
i DiYculties and evidence 346
ii The general picture 350
iii The extent of the change 361
iv Beyond the frontiers of the empire 362
v Regional and local variation 363
vi ‘Prosperity’and ‘sophistication’ 365
vii The distribution of goods and wealth within the late
antiqueeconomy:the role of overseas commerce 369
viii State and aristocratic distribution;the eVects of taxation
onthe economy 377
ix Causes of economic decline:a general consideration 381
x War,disruption and economic decline 383
xi Climate,the environment and the economy 386
xii Population change and economic change 388
xiii Economic decline:some conclusions 390
14 The family in the late Roman world 392
byandrea giardina,Professor of Roman History, University of
RomeLaSapienza
i Christianity and laws on the family 392
ii Law and society 399
iii Negations of the family 407
iv West and east 411
15 Family and friendship in the west 416
byian n. wood,Professor of Early Medieval History, University of Leeds
16 State,lordship and community in the west (c.a.d.400–600) 437
bypeter heather
i The community of the realm 437
ii Peers and lords:local communities 455
17 Armies and society in the later Roman world 469
bymichael whitby
i Military power and authority 470
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contents ix
ii The maintenance of order page 475
iii Local and central 480
iv Soldier and civilian 485
PART IV THE PROVINCES AND THE
NON-ROMAN WORLD
18 The north-western provinces 497
byian n. wood
19 Italy,a.d.425–605 525
bymark humphries,Lecturer in Ancient Classics at the National
University of Ireland, Maynooth
i Italian interests and the end of the western empire
(425–76) 526
ii Odoacer and Theoderic (476–526) 529
iii The end of the Ostrogothic kingdom (526–68) 533
iv Forging the Lombard kingdom (568–605) 535
v Italy transformed:the ruling élite 538
vi The church and the papacy 540
vii Settlement and society 544
viii Italian identities in late antiquity 548
ix Conclusion 550
20 Vandal and Byzantine Africa 552
byaveril cameron
i The Vandal conquest and Vandal rule (a.d.429–534) 553
ii The Byzantine conquest and Byzantine rule 559
21a Asia Minor and Cyprus 570
bycharlotte rouechØ,Reader in Classical and Byzantine Greek,
King’sCollege, University of London
i Sources 570
ii The political geography 571
iii The historical framework 575
iv The cities 577
v City and countryside 583
vi The end of the civic era 585
21b Syria,Palestine and Mesopotamia 588
byhugh kennedy,Professor of Middle Eastern History, University
of StAndrews
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x contents
21c Egypt page 612
byjames g. keenan,Professor of Classical Studies, Loyola University,
Chicago
22a The Sasanid monarchy 638
byze¤ev rubin,Professor of History, University of Tel Aviv
i Romans and Sasanids 638
ii Royal legitimation 644
iii Sasanid kings and the Zoroastrian priests 647
iv Kings and nobles 651
v Taxation and military organization 654
vi Sasanid collapse 659
22b Armenia in the Wfth and sixth century 662
byr. w. thomson,Calouste Gulbenkian Professor of Armenian
Studies,University of Oxford
22c The Arabs 678
bylawrence i. conrad,Historian of Near Eastern Medicine,
WellcomeInstitute
i Introduction:the question of sources 678
ii The Arabs in late antiquity 679
iii Arabian religious traditions 682
iv Economic life in Arabia 686
v Imperiumand imperial politics 689
vi Mecca,Muhammad and the rise of Islam 695
·
23 The Balkans and Greece,420–602 701
bymichael whitby
i Introduction 701
ii The Huns 704
iii From the Huns to the Avars 712
iv From Roman to post-Roman 721
PART V RELIGION AND CULTURE
24 The organization of the church 731
bystuart george hall,Professor Emeritus of Ecclesiastical History,
King’s College London
i Bishops and patriarchs 731
ii Councils and clergy 736
iii Finance 741
iv Teaching 742
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