The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 1, Part 2: Early History of the Middle East

1032 Pages·1971·58.09 MB·English

by  I. E. S. Edwards

THE
CAMBRIDGE
ANCIENT HISTORY
THIRD EDITION
VOLUME I
PART 2
EARLY HISTORY OF THE
MIDDLE EAST
EDITED BY
I. E. S. EDWARDS F.B.A.
Formerly Keeper of Egyptian Antiquities, The British Museum
THE LATE C. J. GADD F.B.A.
Professor Emeritus of Ancient Semitic Languages and Civilisations,
School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
N. G. L. HAMMOND F.B.A.
Professor Emeritus of Greek, University of Bristol
CAMBRIDGE
UNIVERSITY PRESS
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PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE
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CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
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© Cambridge University Press 1971
This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without
the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 1971
Eighth printing 2006
Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge
Library of Congress catalogue Card number. 73-116845
ISBN o 521 077915
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CONTENTS
List of Maps page xvii
List of Tables xviii
List of Text-figures xix
Preface xxi
CHAPTER XI
THE EARLY DYNASTIC PERIOD
IN EGYPT
by I. E. S. EDWARDS, F.B.A.
Keeper of Egyptian Antiquities, British Museum
i The early monarchy and the unification of Egypt i
II The foundation of Memphis 15
in The cemeteries of Abydos and Saqqara 17
iv The successors of Menes 22
v Royalty and the State 35
vi Foreign relations 40
VII Religion and funerary beliefs 51
VIII Architecture, sculpture and the small arts 59
[v]
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vi CONTENTS
CHAPTER XII
THE LAST PREDYNASTIC PERIOD
IN BABYLONIA
by the late HENRI FRANKFORT
Formerly Director of the Warburg Institute, London
Revised and Re-arranged
by LERI DAVIES
I Sources and general character of the period page 71
11 The earlier phase (Uruk 4) 74
in The later phase (Jamdat Nasr) 81
CHAPTER XIII
THE CITIES OF BABYLONIA
by the late C. J. GADD, F.B.A.
Formerly Professor Emeritus of Ancient Semitic Languages and Civilizations,
School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
1 The Second and Third Early Dynastic periods;
change from pre-history to history; development
of writing; Sumerians as inventors of writing and
application of it to history 93
11 Extent and constituents of the Early Dynastic
civilization; geography; population—Sumerians
and Semites, Sumer and Akkad 96
in Ideas and institutions; the origin of culture and
polity; gods as owners and rulers of cities;
appointment of a king, and unity of the ' kingdom' 100
iv History in contemporary record and later tradi-
tion; the king-list; local rulers and their inscrip-
tions; history of Lagash down to Urukagina 105
v Armies and warfare 121
vi Foundations of power; irrigation, agriculture,
temple organization and records; evidence of
private property; foreign trade; material civiliza-
tion and arts 124
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CONTENTS vii
VII Religion; the priesthood and cult-practices; the
'royal tombs' and disposal of the dead page I37
vin Society and social problems; the reforms of
Urukagina 139
ix The transition to empire 143
CHAPTER XIV
THE OLD KINGDOM IN EGYPT AND
THE BEGINNING OF THE FIRST
INTERMEDIATE PERIOD
by the late W. STEVENSON SMITH
Formerly Curator of the Department of Egyptian Art in the
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Mass.
1 The Third Dynasty 145
11 The Fourth Dynasty 160
in The Fifth Dynasty 179
iv The Sixth Dynasty . 189
v The Seventh and Eighth Dynasties 197
vi Literature and art 200
CHAPTER XV
PALESTINE IN THE EARLY BRONZE AGE
by R. DE VAUX, O.P.
tcole Biblique et Archiologique Franfaise de Jirusalem
1 Classification of the material 208
11 The fortified cities 214
in Architecture: dwellings 218
iv Sanctuaries 221
v Burials 223
vi Material conditions: industry and commerce 225
VII Foreign relations: chronology 230
vin Outline of history 233
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viii CONTENTS
CHAPTER XVI
THE EARLY DYNASTIC PERIOD
IN MESOPOTAMIA
by Sir MAX E. L. MALLOWAN, F.B.A.
Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford, and Emeritus Professor of Western Asiatic
Archaeology in the University of London
i Babylonia: archaeological development page 238
11 The Diyala valley 246
in The principal Babylonian sites 272
iv Assyria and Mesopotamia 291
CHAPTER XVII
SYRIA BEFORE 2200 B.C.
§1 AND III-VI
by MARGARET S. DROWER
Reader in Ancient History in the University of London
§"
by J. BOTTERO
Directeur d'itudes a l'£cole pratique des Hautes Etudes, Paris
1 The background 315
11 Syria at the time of the kings of Agade 321
in Cities of the Euphrates and the Khabur 328
iv Cities of the plain and the coast 333
v Byblos and the Land of Negau 343
vi Egyptians in Sinai and Palestine 351
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CONTENTS ix
CHAPTER XVIII
ANATOLIA
c. 4000-2300 B.C.
by J. MELLAART
Lecturer in Anatolian Archaeology at the Institute of Archaeology
in the University of London
i End of the Late Chalcolithic period: Cilicia;
Konya plain; west, north-west, and central
Anatolia page 363
11 The Early Bronze Age: introduction and chrono-
logical subdivisions; origins; economy, and
cleavage between west and central Anatolia 36 8
in The Early Bronze Age 1 period: the north-
western group; pottery 371
iv The Early Bronze Age 2 period: introduction;
architecture; burial customs; metalwork;
costume and metal vessels; pottery 383
v Chronology 403
vi The catastrophe at the end of the Early Bronze
Age 2 period 406
THE IDENTIFICATION OF TROY
by CARL W. BLEGEN
Professor Emeritus of Classical Archaeology in the
University of Cincinnati
VII Troy 1-11 411
1
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x CONTENTS
CHAPTER XIX
THE DYNASTY OF AGADE AND THE
GUTIAN INVASION
by the late C. J. GADD
I The reign of Sargon; his origin, and legends con-
cerning his youth; royal names; his rise to power;
campaigns; legends of his conquests, and historical
criticism Page 4 J 7
II Successors of Sargon: Rimush and Manishtusu 434
in The reign of Naram-Sin; his campaigns, and
legends concerning them 440
iv State of Babylonia under the Dynasty of Agade;
Sumer and Akkad; conditions in the land and
agrarian changes; arts and trade; connexion with
the Indus-country 446
v Last kings of Agade and the Gutian invasion;
successors of Naram-Sin; the Gutians and their
supremacy; historical and archaeological evidence;
reign of Gudea 454
vi Expulsion of the Gutians; victory of Utu-khegal;
a Sumerian revival 461
CHAPTER XX
THE MIDDLE KINGDOM IN EGYPT
INTERNAL HISTORY FROM THE RISE OF THE
HERACLEOPOLITANS TO THE DEATH OF AMMENEMES III
by the late WILLIAM C. HAYES
Formerly Curator of the Department of Egyptian Art in
the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
1 The Heracleopolitan Kingdom 464
11 The nomarchs of Middle Egypt 468
in Thebes and the 'Head of the South' 472
iv The early kings of the Eleventh Dynasty 476
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CONTENTS xi
v Reunion of Egypt under Nebhepetre Mentu-
hotpe page 479
vi Reorganization and recovery 481
VII Foreign policy: progress towards the reconquest
of Nubia 485
VIII Egypt under King Mentuhotpe III: The Heka-
nakhte Papers
ix Resumption of the Red Sea traffic and reopening
of the Wadi Hammamat 491
x The end of the Eleventh Dynasty: Mentuhotpe IV
and the Vizier Ammenemes 4 92
xi The founding of the Twelfth Dynasty: Amme-
nemes I and the administration 495
XII Expansion under Sesostris I and his successors 499
XIII The administrative reforms and foreign cam-
paigns of Sesostris III; The Execration Texts 505
xiv Economic measures under Ammenemes III 509
xv Art and architecture c 12
xvi Religion and funerary beliefs 518
I XVII Literature 523
1
\ CHAPTER XXI
' SYRIA AND PALESTINE
) c. 2160-17 80 B.C.
RELATIONS WITH EGYPT
by G. POSENER
Professeur tie philologie et arch/ologie egyptiennes
au College de France
1 Syria and Palestine in the Heracleopolitan Period
and the Eleventh Dynasty 532
11 Syria and Palestine during the Twelfth Dynasty 537
in Egyptian sources 550
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xii CONTENTS
RELATIONS WITH MESOPOTAMIA
by J. BOTTERO
iv Syria during the Third Dynasty of Ur page 559
THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES
by K. M. KENYON, F.B.A.
Principal of St Hugh's College, Oxford
v Archaeological evidence from Palestine 567
vi Palestine: the sites 568
VII Syria: the sites 583
CHAPTER XXII
BABYLONIA c. 2120-1800 B.C.
by the late C. J. GADD
1 The Third Dynasty of Ur 595
11 The king and his officers 617
in Economy and wealth 620
iv Foreigners from the East 624
v The Amorite invasion 625
vi Change in art 628
VII Successors of the Ur Dynasty 631
VIII Intervention from abroad 638
CHAPTER XXIII
PERSIA c. 2400-1800 B.C.
^JWALTHER HINZ
Professor of Iranian History in the University of Gottingen
1 The Elamite kings of Awan 644
11 The Elamite kings of Simashki 654
111 Religion in ancient Elam 662
iv Civilization of ancient Elam 673
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