The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. 12: The Crisis of Empire, AD 193-337 PDF
Preview The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. 12: The Crisis of Empire, AD 193-337
THE CAMBRIDGE ANCIENT HISTORY VOLUME XII Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 THE CAMBRIDGE ANCIENT HISTORY SECOND EDITION VOLUME XII The Crisis of Empire, a.d. 193–337 Editedby ALAN K. BOWMAN CamdenProfessorofAncientHistoryintheUniversityofOxford PETER GARNSEY ProfessoroftheHistoryofClassicalAntiquityintheUniversityofCambridge AVERIL CAMERON WardenofKebleCollege,Oxford Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 cambridge university press Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown,Singapore,Sa˜oPaulo CambridgeUniversityPress TheEdinburghBuilding,Cambridgecb28ru,UK PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9780521301992 (cid:1)C CambridgeUniversityPress2005 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithout thewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2005 Reprinted 2007 PrintedintheUnitedKingdomattheUniversityPress,Cambridge AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary isbn-13978-0-521-30199-2hardback isbn-13978-0-521-85073-5set CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracy of URLs for external orthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication, and does not guarantee that any content suchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 CONTENTS Listofmaps pagexi Listoftext-figures xii Preface xiii PART I NARRATIVE 1 TheSeverandynasty 1 bybrian campbell, ProfessorofRomanHistory,Schoolof History(AncientHistory),TheQueen’sUniversityofBelfast I ThebackgroundandaccessionofSeptimiusSeverus 1 II Civilandforeignwars 4 III Severus,thearmyandthesenate 9 IV Caracalla 15 V Theendofthedynasty 20 2 MaximinustoDiocletianandthe‘crisis’ 28 byjohn drinkwater, EmeritusProfessor,Departmentof Classics,UniversityofNottingham I Introduction 28 II Narrative 28 III Discussion 58 3 Diocletianandthefirsttetrarchy,a.d.284–305 67 byalan k. bowman, CamdenProfessorofAncientHistory intheUniversityofOxford I TheaccessionofDiocletianandtheappointmentof Maximian 68 II Theyears286–92 70 III Thecreationofthetetrarchy 74 IV Theperiodofthetetrarchy,293–305 78 V Conclusion 88 v Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 vi contents 4 ThereignofConstantine,a.d.306–337 90 byaveril cameron, WardenofKebleCollege,The UniversityofOxford PART II GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION 5 Thearmy 110 bybrian campbell I Changeandcontinuity 110 II ThemilitaryreformsofDiocletianandConstantine 120 6 Theemperorandhisadministration 131 6a Generaldevelopments 131 byelio lo cascio, Universita` degliStudidiNapoli FedericoII 6b TheageoftheSeverans 137 byelio lo cascio I Imperialdesignationandlegitimation:theproblemof succession 137 II ThedomusAugustaandthedynasticideology 140 III Theroleofthearmyandtheplebsurbanainimperial legitimation 141 IV Theadministration:thecentreandtheperiphery 142 V Thepraetorianprefectureandthejurists 147 VI Thedevelopmentoftheprocuratorships 148 VII Theneworganizationofimperialestatesandfinances 150 6c Thegovernmentandadministrationoftheempireinthe centraldecadesofthethirdcentury 156 byelio lo cascio I Designationoftheemperorandsuccessionduringthefifty yearsoftheanarchy 156 II Gallienus’reforms:militarycommandandthegovernment oftheprovinces 158 III ThecityofRomefromtheSeveranstoAurelian 162 IV Italymovingtowardsprovincialization 165 6d ThenewstateofDiocletianandConstantine:fromthe tetrarchytothereunificationoftheempire 170 byelio lo cascio I Thenewlegitimationofimperialpower 170 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 contents vii II Thereformsandtheadministrativeorganizationofthe empire 172 III Provinces,diocesesandprefectures 179 IV Laterdevelopments 181 7a Highclassicallaw 184 bydavid ibbetson, RegiusProfessorofCivilLaw, UniversityofCambridge 7b Epiclassicallaw 200 bydavid johnston, Advocate’sLibrary,Edinburgh I Rescripts,juristsandthechancellery 201 II Codes 202 III Epiclassicaljurists 204 IV Juristsintheschools 206 V Conclusion 207 PART III THE PROVINCES 8 Provincesandfrontiers 212 byjohn wilkes, EmeritusProfessor,Instituteof Archaeology,UniversityCollegeLondon I Frontierhistory 212 II Emperorsandprovinces 233 III Frontierorganization 252 9 Developmentsinprovincialandlocaladministration 269 byjean-michel carrie´, E´coledesHautesE´tudesen SciencesSociales,Paris I Introduction 269 II Theimperialstateandits‘provincials’ 271 III Thecitiesintheserviceofthefunctioningofthe imperialstate 282 IV Thefateofthemunicipalworld:crisisoradaptation? 293 V Conclusion 309 10 EgyptfromSeptimiusSeverustothedeathofConstantine 313 byalan k. bowman I Prologue 313 II Egyptinthecontextoftheempire 315 III Theprovinceanditsadministration 316 IV Societyandeconomy 322 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 viii contents PART IV THE ECONOMY OF THE EMPIRE 11 Coinageandtaxation:thestate’spointofview,a.d.193–337 327 bymireille corbier, DirectorofL’Ann´ee E´pigraphique,CNRS,Paris I Coinissuesanddevaluations 330 II Themetalstock 353 III Taxation 360 IV Themodesofpublicspending 386 V Conclusion 390 12 Coinage,societyandeconomy 393 bymireille corbier I Thestructuresoftheeconomy 397 II Thestateandtheevolutionoftheeconomyinthe‘long’ thirdcentury:problemsofinterpretation 425 III Didtheeconomicunityoftheempirebecomefragmented? 435 PART V THE NON-ROMAN WORLD 13 TheGermanicpeoplesandGermanicsociety 440 bymalcolm todd, EmeritusProfessorofArchaeologyin theUniversityofDurham,andformerPrincipalofTrevelyan College,Durham I Newgroupings 440 II Settlements 447 III Warfare 450 IV Tradeandtechnology 453 14 TheSassanians 461 byrichard n. frye, ProfessorEmeritus,Harvard University I Introduction 461 II TheearlySassanians 464 III SassanianrelationswiththeRomans 472 IV Religiousdevelopments 474 V Conclusions 479 15 Armeniaandtheeasternmarches 481 byc.s.lightfoot, DepartmentofGreekandRoman Art,TheMetropolitanMuseumofArt,NewYork Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 contents ix I Introduction 481 II TheArmeniankingdom 483 III Themarches 489 IV Outlinehistory 491 16 TheArabsandthedesertpeoples 498 bymaurice sartre, Professeurd’HistoireAnciennea` l’Universit´eFran¸cois-Rabelais I TheunityanddiversityofArabsociety 498 II Theapogeeandruinoftheclientstates 507 III Phylarchsandalliednomadkings 515 PART VI RELIGION, CULTURE AND SOCIETY 17 Latepolytheism 521 17a Theworld-view 521 bygarth fowden, CentreforGreekandRoman Antiquity,NationalResearchFoundation,Athens I ProblemsaroundPlotinus 523 II Hermetismandtheurgy 529 III Magicandastrology 533 17b Theindividualandthegods 538 bygarth fowden I Shrinesandcults 538 II Specialrelationships 543 III Godsofhearthandgrave 551 17c Publicreligion 553 bygarth fowden I Theroleoftheemperor 553 II Regionalperspectives 561 III Conclusion 570 18a Christianity,a.d.70–192 573 bymark edwards, LecturerinPatristics, UniversityofOxford Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 x contents 18b Third-centuryChristianity 589 bygraeme clarke, VisitingFellow,SchoolofSocial Sciences,AustralianNationalUniversity,Canberra I Geographicalcoverage 589 II ChristiansandtheRomanstate 616 III PersecutionofDecius 625 IV PersecutionunderGallus 635 V PersecutionunderValerianandGallienus 637 VI TheGreatPersecution 647 VII Christianliteratureofthethirdcentury 665 19 Artandarchitecture,a.d.193–337 672 byjanet huskinson, TheOpenUniversity I Introduction 672 II Artandarchitecture,a.d.193–337:asurvey 673 III Conclusion 702 Appendicestochapter8 704 byjohn wilkes I ChangesinRomanprovincialorganization,a.d.193–337 705 II Imperialmovements,a.d.193–337 714 III Frontierdeployment,a.d.193–337 724 Stemmata 768 Compiledbybrian campbell and simon corcoran Chronology 772 Bibliography 786 Abbreviations 786 Frequentlycitedworks 793 PartI:Narrative(chapters1–4) 799 PartII:Governmentandadministration(chapters5–7) 819 PartIII:Theprovinces(chapters8–10) 834 PartIV:Theeconomyoftheempire(chapters11–12) 852 PartV:Thenon-Romanworld(chapters13–16) 871 PartVI:Religion,cultureandsociety(chapters17–19) 885 Index 900 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
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