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The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. 12: The Crisis of Empire, AD 193-337 PDF

921 Pages·2005·22.24 MB·English
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THE CAMBRIDGE ANCIENT HISTORY VOLUME XII Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 THE CAMBRIDGE ANCIENT HISTORY SECOND EDITION VOLUME XII The Crisis of Empire, a.d. 193–337 Editedby ALAN K. BOWMAN CamdenProfessorofAncientHistoryintheUniversityofOxford PETER GARNSEY ProfessoroftheHistoryofClassicalAntiquityintheUniversityofCambridge AVERIL CAMERON WardenofKebleCollege,Oxford Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 cambridge university press Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown,Singapore,Sa˜oPaulo CambridgeUniversityPress TheEdinburghBuilding,Cambridgecb28ru,UK PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9780521301992 (cid:1)C CambridgeUniversityPress2005 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithout thewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2005 Reprinted 2007 PrintedintheUnitedKingdomattheUniversityPress,Cambridge AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary isbn-13978-0-521-30199-2hardback isbn-13978-0-521-85073-5set CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracy of URLs for external orthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication, and does not guarantee that any content suchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 CONTENTS Listofmaps pagexi Listoftext-figures xii Preface xiii PART I NARRATIVE 1 TheSeverandynasty 1 bybrian campbell, ProfessorofRomanHistory,Schoolof History(AncientHistory),TheQueen’sUniversityofBelfast I ThebackgroundandaccessionofSeptimiusSeverus 1 II Civilandforeignwars 4 III Severus,thearmyandthesenate 9 IV Caracalla 15 V Theendofthedynasty 20 2 MaximinustoDiocletianandthe‘crisis’ 28 byjohn drinkwater, EmeritusProfessor,Departmentof Classics,UniversityofNottingham I Introduction 28 II Narrative 28 III Discussion 58 3 Diocletianandthefirsttetrarchy,a.d.284–305 67 byalan k. bowman, CamdenProfessorofAncientHistory intheUniversityofOxford I TheaccessionofDiocletianandtheappointmentof Maximian 68 II Theyears286–92 70 III Thecreationofthetetrarchy 74 IV Theperiodofthetetrarchy,293–305 78 V Conclusion 88 v Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 vi contents 4 ThereignofConstantine,a.d.306–337 90 byaveril cameron, WardenofKebleCollege,The UniversityofOxford PART II GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION 5 Thearmy 110 bybrian campbell I Changeandcontinuity 110 II ThemilitaryreformsofDiocletianandConstantine 120 6 Theemperorandhisadministration 131 6a Generaldevelopments 131 byelio lo cascio, Universita` degliStudidiNapoli FedericoII 6b TheageoftheSeverans 137 byelio lo cascio I Imperialdesignationandlegitimation:theproblemof succession 137 II ThedomusAugustaandthedynasticideology 140 III Theroleofthearmyandtheplebsurbanainimperial legitimation 141 IV Theadministration:thecentreandtheperiphery 142 V Thepraetorianprefectureandthejurists 147 VI Thedevelopmentoftheprocuratorships 148 VII Theneworganizationofimperialestatesandfinances 150 6c Thegovernmentandadministrationoftheempireinthe centraldecadesofthethirdcentury 156 byelio lo cascio I Designationoftheemperorandsuccessionduringthefifty yearsoftheanarchy 156 II Gallienus’reforms:militarycommandandthegovernment oftheprovinces 158 III ThecityofRomefromtheSeveranstoAurelian 162 IV Italymovingtowardsprovincialization 165 6d ThenewstateofDiocletianandConstantine:fromthe tetrarchytothereunificationoftheempire 170 byelio lo cascio I Thenewlegitimationofimperialpower 170 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 contents vii II Thereformsandtheadministrativeorganizationofthe empire 172 III Provinces,diocesesandprefectures 179 IV Laterdevelopments 181 7a Highclassicallaw 184 bydavid ibbetson, RegiusProfessorofCivilLaw, UniversityofCambridge 7b Epiclassicallaw 200 bydavid johnston, Advocate’sLibrary,Edinburgh I Rescripts,juristsandthechancellery 201 II Codes 202 III Epiclassicaljurists 204 IV Juristsintheschools 206 V Conclusion 207 PART III THE PROVINCES 8 Provincesandfrontiers 212 byjohn wilkes, EmeritusProfessor,Instituteof Archaeology,UniversityCollegeLondon I Frontierhistory 212 II Emperorsandprovinces 233 III Frontierorganization 252 9 Developmentsinprovincialandlocaladministration 269 byjean-michel carrie´, E´coledesHautesE´tudesen SciencesSociales,Paris I Introduction 269 II Theimperialstateandits‘provincials’ 271 III Thecitiesintheserviceofthefunctioningofthe imperialstate 282 IV Thefateofthemunicipalworld:crisisoradaptation? 293 V Conclusion 309 10 EgyptfromSeptimiusSeverustothedeathofConstantine 313 byalan k. bowman I Prologue 313 II Egyptinthecontextoftheempire 315 III Theprovinceanditsadministration 316 IV Societyandeconomy 322 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 viii contents PART IV THE ECONOMY OF THE EMPIRE 11 Coinageandtaxation:thestate’spointofview,a.d.193–337 327 bymireille corbier, DirectorofL’Ann´ee E´pigraphique,CNRS,Paris I Coinissuesanddevaluations 330 II Themetalstock 353 III Taxation 360 IV Themodesofpublicspending 386 V Conclusion 390 12 Coinage,societyandeconomy 393 bymireille corbier I Thestructuresoftheeconomy 397 II Thestateandtheevolutionoftheeconomyinthe‘long’ thirdcentury:problemsofinterpretation 425 III Didtheeconomicunityoftheempirebecomefragmented? 435 PART V THE NON-ROMAN WORLD 13 TheGermanicpeoplesandGermanicsociety 440 bymalcolm todd, EmeritusProfessorofArchaeologyin theUniversityofDurham,andformerPrincipalofTrevelyan College,Durham I Newgroupings 440 II Settlements 447 III Warfare 450 IV Tradeandtechnology 453 14 TheSassanians 461 byrichard n. frye, ProfessorEmeritus,Harvard University I Introduction 461 II TheearlySassanians 464 III SassanianrelationswiththeRomans 472 IV Religiousdevelopments 474 V Conclusions 479 15 Armeniaandtheeasternmarches 481 byc.s.lightfoot, DepartmentofGreekandRoman Art,TheMetropolitanMuseumofArt,NewYork Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 contents ix I Introduction 481 II TheArmeniankingdom 483 III Themarches 489 IV Outlinehistory 491 16 TheArabsandthedesertpeoples 498 bymaurice sartre, Professeurd’HistoireAnciennea` l’Universit´eFran¸cois-Rabelais I TheunityanddiversityofArabsociety 498 II Theapogeeandruinoftheclientstates 507 III Phylarchsandalliednomadkings 515 PART VI RELIGION, CULTURE AND SOCIETY 17 Latepolytheism 521 17a Theworld-view 521 bygarth fowden, CentreforGreekandRoman Antiquity,NationalResearchFoundation,Athens I ProblemsaroundPlotinus 523 II Hermetismandtheurgy 529 III Magicandastrology 533 17b Theindividualandthegods 538 bygarth fowden I Shrinesandcults 538 II Specialrelationships 543 III Godsofhearthandgrave 551 17c Publicreligion 553 bygarth fowden I Theroleoftheemperor 553 II Regionalperspectives 561 III Conclusion 570 18a Christianity,a.d.70–192 573 bymark edwards, LecturerinPatristics, UniversityofOxford Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 x contents 18b Third-centuryChristianity 589 bygraeme clarke, VisitingFellow,SchoolofSocial Sciences,AustralianNationalUniversity,Canberra I Geographicalcoverage 589 II ChristiansandtheRomanstate 616 III PersecutionofDecius 625 IV PersecutionunderGallus 635 V PersecutionunderValerianandGallienus 637 VI TheGreatPersecution 647 VII Christianliteratureofthethirdcentury 665 19 Artandarchitecture,a.d.193–337 672 byjanet huskinson, TheOpenUniversity I Introduction 672 II Artandarchitecture,a.d.193–337:asurvey 673 III Conclusion 702 Appendicestochapter8 704 byjohn wilkes I ChangesinRomanprovincialorganization,a.d.193–337 705 II Imperialmovements,a.d.193–337 714 III Frontierdeployment,a.d.193–337 724 Stemmata 768 Compiledbybrian campbell and simon corcoran Chronology 772 Bibliography 786 Abbreviations 786 Frequentlycitedworks 793 PartI:Narrative(chapters1–4) 799 PartII:Governmentandadministration(chapters5–7) 819 PartIII:Theprovinces(chapters8–10) 834 PartIV:Theeconomyoftheempire(chapters11–12) 852 PartV:Thenon-Romanworld(chapters13–16) 871 PartVI:Religion,cultureandsociety(chapters17–19) 885 Index 900 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008

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This volume covers the history of the Roman Empire from the accession of Septimius Severus in AD 193 to the death of Constantine in AD 337. This period was one of the most critical in the history of the Mediterranean world. It begins with the establishment of the Severan dynasty as a result of civil
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