The British and French Mandates in Comparative Perspectives Les Mandats Francais Et Anglais Dans Une Perspective (Social, Economic and Political Studies of the Middle East and Asia)

769 Pages·2004·3.16 MB·French

by  Nadine Meouchy

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THE BRITISH AND FRENCH MANDATES
IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVES /
LES MANDATS FRANÇAIS ET ANGLAIS
DANS UNE PERSPECTIVE COMPARATIVE
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SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL
STUDIES OF
THE MIDDLE EAST AND ASIA
(S.E.P.S.M.E.A.)
(Founding editor:C.A.O. van Nieuwenhuijze)
Editor
REINHARD SCHULZE
Advisory Board
Dale Eickelman (Dartmouth College)
Roger Owen (Harvard University)
Judith Tucker (Georgetown University)
Yann Richard (Sorbonne Nouvelle)
VOLUME 93
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THE BRITISH AND FRENCH MANDATES
IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVES /
LES MANDATS FRANÇAIS ET ANGLAIS
DANS UNE PERSPECTIVE COMPARATIVE
EDITED BY / EDITÉ PAR
NADINE MÉOUCHY and/etPETER SLUGLETT
WITH/AVEC LA COLLABORATION AMICALE DE
GÉRARD KHOURY and/etGEOFFREY SCHAD

BRILL
LEIDEN (cid:127)BOSTON
2004
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This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The British and French mandates in comparative perspectives / edited by Nadine Méouchy
and Peter Sluglett ; with Gérard Khoury and Geoffrey Schad = Les mandats français et
anglais dans une perspective comparative / édité par Nadine Méouchy et Peter Sluglett ;
avec la collaboration amicale de Gérard Khoury et Geoffrey Schad.
p. cm. — (Social, economic, and political studies of the Middle East and Asia, ISSN
1385-3376 ; v. 93)
Proceedings of a conference held in Aix-en-Provence, June 2001.
Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index.
ISBN 90-04-13313-5 (alk. paper)
1. Mandates—Congresses. 2. Mandates—Middle East—Congresses. 3.
France—Colonies—Administration—Congresses. 4. Great
Britain—Colonies—Administration—Congresses. 5. Elite (Social sciences)—Congresses. 6.
Nationalism—Middle East—Congresses. I. Title: Mandats français et anglais dans une
perspective comparative. II. Méouchy, Nadine. III. Sluglett, Peter. IV. Series.
D650.B75 2003
956.903—dc22
2003065220
ISSN 1385-3376
ISBN 90 04 13313 5
© Copyright 2004 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored
in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written
permission from the publisher.
Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal
use is granted by Brill provided that
the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright
Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910
Danvers, MA 01923, USA.
Fees are subject to change.
printed in the netherlands
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v
CONTENTS/SOMMAIRE
Acknowledgements .................................................................... ix
Remerciements .......................................................................... xi
Notes on contributors/Liste des auteurs .................................. xiii
General introduction .................................................................. 1
Nadine Méouchy and Peter Sluglett
Introduction générale ................................................................ 21
Nadine Méouchy et Peter Sluglett
PART ONE/PREMIÈRE PARTIE
SOURCE MATERIALS FOR THE MANDATES/
OUTILS DOCUMENTAIRES SUR LES MANDATS
Outils documentaires sur le mandat français .......................... 45
Pierre Fournié et François-Xavier Trégan
British archival sources for the history of the Middle
Eastern mandates .................................................................. 55
Peter Sluglett
Corpus juris du mandat français .............................................. 63
Youssef S. Takla
PART TWO/DEUXIÈME PARTIE

THE SPIRIT AND THE LETTER OF THE MANDATES:
POLITICAL PRAXIS AND CULTURAL PERSPECTIVES/
L’ESPRIT ET LA LETTRE DES MANDATS: PRATIQUES
POLITIQUES ET PERSPECTIVES CULTURELLES
Les mandats/the mandates: Some reflections on the
nature of the British presence in Iraq (1914–1932) and
the French presence in Syria (1918–1946) ........................ 103
Peter Sluglett
Le système international aux prises avec le colonialisme:
les délibérations sur la Palestine dans la Commission
permanente des Mandats de la Société des Nations ........ 129
Roger Heacock
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vi 
International obligation, domestic pressure and colonial
nationalism; the birth of the Iraqi state under the
mandate system .................................................................... 143
Toby Dodge
Robert de Caix et Louis Massignon: deux visions de la
politique française au Levant en 1920 ................................ 165
Gérard D. Khoury
Museums and the construction of national history in
Syria and Lebanon .............................................................. 185
Heghnar Zeitlian Watenpaugh
Looking East, looking West: provincial eclecticism and
cultural dualism in the architecture of French mandate
Beirut ...................................................................................... 203
Robert Saliba
Robert Montagne et les études ethnographiques françaises
dans la Syrie sous mandat .................................................. 217
Jean Métral
Approche des savoirs de l’Institut français de Damas:
à la recherche d’un temps mandataire .............................. 235
François-Xavier Trégan
Desert medicine, ethnography, and the colonial encounter
in mandatory Syria .............................................................. 249
Robert Blecher
Les Français et les communautés nationales de Palestine
au temps du mandat britannique ........................................ 269
Dominique Trimbur
Francophonie et langue arabe dans la Syrie sous mandat:
l’exemple de l’enseignement missionnaire à Damas .......... 303
Jérôme Bocquet
Impérialisme, colonisation intellectuelle et politique
culturelle de la Mission Laïque française en Syrie sous
mandat .................................................................................. 321
Randi Deguilhem
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PART THREE/TROISIEME PARTIE
THE STATE AND THE POLITICAL, ECONOMIC AND
TECHNICAL ELITES: NETWORKS, DYNAMICS AND
NATION BUILDING/L’ÉTAT ET LES ÉLITES
POLITIQUES, ÉCONOMIQUES ET TECHNIQUES:
RÉSEAUX, DYNAMIQUES ET CONSTRUCTION
NATIONALE
Instrumentalisation d’un parcours singulier: la trajectoire
mandataire de l’émir 'Adil Arslan pour consolider les
ruptures de l’indépendance syrienne .................................. 345
Juliette Honvault
Le mandat britannique en Irak: une rencontre entre
plusieurs projets politiques .................................................... 361
Pierre-Jean Luizard
Une évaluation de la gestion mandataire de l’économie
syrienne .................................................................................. 385
Mohammed Ali El-Saleh
Dismemberment of empire and reconstitution of regional
space: the emergence of ‘national’ industries in Damascus
between 1918 and 1946 ...................................................... 415
Frank Peter
Economic Aspects of the Arab-Zionist Confrontation in
Mandatory Palestine .............................................................. 447
Khairia Kasmieh
The attitude of the French mandatory authorities towards
land ownership in Syria ...................................................... 457

Abdallah Hanna
The British land program, state-societal cooperation,
and popular imagination in Transjordan ............................ 477
Michael Fischbach
Les élites techniques locales durant le mandat français
en Syrie (1920–1945) ............................................................ 497
Hayma Zeifa
Système éducatif et modèle professionnel: le mandat français
en perspective. L’exemple des comptables au Liban ........ 537
Elisabeth Longuenesse
Le dessous des cartes: quelles règles pour les jeux de
l’administration libanaise? Lecture des cartes de visite
et documents personnels de Shafiq al-Halabi .................... 549
Mounzer Jaber
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viii 
PART FOUR/QUATRIÈME PARTIE
RURAL AND URBAN MOBILISATION: RESISTANCE AND
COOPERATION/LES MOBILISATIONS URBAINES ET
RURALES: RÉSISTANCE ET COOPÉRATION
Minorities and ethnic mobilisation: the Kurds in northern
Iraq and Syria ...................................................................... 579
Nelida Fuccaro
Towards a new category of colonial theory: colonial
cooperation and the Survivors’ Bargain—The case of
the post-genocide Armenian community of Syria under
French mandate .................................................................... 597
Keith D. Watenpaugh
La mobilisation populaire à Beyrouth à l’époque du Mandat
(1918–1943): l’apprentissage progressif de la
participation .......................................................................... 623
Carla Eddé
Le mouvement des 'isabat en Syrie du Nord à travers le
témoignage du chaykh Youssef Saadoun (1919–1921) ...... 649
Nadine Méouchy
A nationalist rebellion without nationalists? Popular
mobilizations in mandatory Syria 1925–1926 .................... 673
Michael Provence
CONCLUDING REMARKS/SYNTHÈSES

DE CONCLUSION
Concluding Remarks ................................................................ 695
Rashid Khalidi
Regards et recherches sur les états de l’orient Arabe placés
sous mandats français et Britannique
Dominique Chevallier ................................................................ 705
General Bibliography ................................................................ 713
Index of Personal, Family and Tribal Names ........................ 735
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ix
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
It is our pleasant duty to thank the many people and institutions
who made it possible for us to hold the preparatory workshop in
Alta, Utah, in October 2000 and the conference in Aix in June 2001
at which the papers in this volume were presented. We are also most
grateful to the individuals who have assisted us in the preparation
of this volume.
The preparatory workshop in Alta was made possible by the US
Education Department’s Title VI grant to the Middle East Center
at the University of Utah.
We should like to thank the following for their financial and admin-
istrative support for the conference in Aix:
Air France, Damascus, the Association Mémoires Méditerranéennes(MM
André Raymond and Jean-Robert Henry), the Banque Audi-Suisse
(Mme. Christian Audi and M. Marc Audi), the Chambre de Commerce
franco-arabe, Paris, the Chambre de Commerce franco-libanaise, Paris
(M. Joseph Saadé), the Centre franco-allemand de Provence (M. Joachim
Rothacker), the Conseil Général des Bouches-du-Rhone, the cultural
section of the Embassy of France in Syria (M. Philippe Georgeais),
GREMMO (CNRS – Lyon), the Institut Français d’Études Arabes,
Damascus, the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs (direction de la
coopération scientifique), the Mairie d’Aix-en-Provence, the Maison
Méditerranéenne des Sciences de l’Homme and IREMAM, Aix-en-
Provence (M. Robert Ilbert, Mme Sylvie Denoix, Mme Claudie Desautel),
Maître Youssef S. Takla, les Calissons d’Entrecasteaux, the Middle
East Center of the University of Utah, the United States Information
Service, Amman, the University of Aix-Marseille III.
For their generous hospitality during the conference in Aix we are
most grateful for the wonderful parties hosted by Monsieur l’Ambas-
sadeurandMme ChristianGraeff,andM.andMme GérardD.Khoury.
For their assistance in the preparation of the volume we are most
grateful to the editorial board (Rashid Khalidi, Gérard D. Khoury,
André Raymond, Geoffrey Schad). Many thanks to Edouard Méténier,
and to Pierre Borodkine and Judith Sluglett-Borodkine for translat-
ing most of the abstracts.
Neither this volume nor the conference in Aix would have been
possible without the infectious enthusiasm and boundless energy of