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The Britannica Guide to the Ideas that Made the Modern World (Britannica Guide To...(eBook)) PDF

408 Pages·2008·2.14 MB·English
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Encyclopñdia Britannica, Inc., is a leader in reference and education publishing whose products can be found in many media, from the Internet to mobile phones to books. A pioneer in electronic publishing since the early 1980s, Britannica launched the first encyclopedia on the Internet in 1994. It also continues to publish and revise its famed print set, first released in Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1768. Encyclopñdia Britannica's contributors include many of the greatest writers and scholars in the world, and more than 110 Nobel Prize winners have written for Britannica. A professional editorial staff ensures that Britannica's content is clear, current, and correct. This book is principally based on content from the encyclopedia and its contributors. Introducer Anthony Grayling is Professor of Philosophy at Birkbeck College, University of London. He also often writes for the Observer, Economist, Times Literary Supplement, Indepen- dent on Sunday, and New Statesman, and is a frequent broad- caster on BBC Radios 4, 3, and the World Service. He has written a number of highly acclaimed works of philosophy and history including Towards the Light: The Story of the Strug- gles for Liberty and Rights that made the Modern West, a biography of Rene Descartes and The Heart of Things: Phil- osophy in the 21st century. THE GUIDE TO THE IDEAS THAT MADE THE MODERN WORLD The people, philosophy, and history of the Enlightenment Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. www.britannica.com First print edition published in the UK by Robinson, an imprint of Constable & Robinson Ltd, 2008 Text © 2008 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Introduction © 2008 A. C. Grayling The right of Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. and A. C. Grayling to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs & Patents Act, 1988. Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, and the Thistle logo are registered trademarks of Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. This eBook edition published by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. ISBN 978-1-59339-227-7 No part of this work may be produced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. CONTENTS List of Illustrations vii Introduction ix 1 A History of the Enlightenment 1 2 The Scientific Revolution 38 3 Man and Evolution 67 4 Culture and Education 100 5 Economics and Industrial Revolution 146 6 The Age of Revolution: Enlightenment Politics 169 7 Philosophy, Ethics, and Religion 212 8 Key Figures: Thinkers, Writers, and Revolutionaries 251 9 Key Texts: Extracts and Further Reading 319 Further Reading 355 Index 357 This page intentionally left blank LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Isaac Newton, portrait by Sir Godfrey Kneller, 1689. Corbis- Bettmann Rene Descartes, lithograph, 19th century. The Granger Collection, New York John Locke, portrait, oil on canvas by Herman Verelst, 1689; in the National Portrait Gallery, London. Oxford Science Archive/Heritage-Images Title page from Isaac Newton's De Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1686; Mathematical Principles of Nat- uralPhilosophy).Courtesyof the JosephRegensteinLibrary, the University of Chicago Voltaire, bronze by Jean-Antoine Houdon; in the Hermitage, St Petersburg. Scala/Art Resource, New York Rousseau, drawing in pastels byMaurice-Quentin de La Tour, 1753; in the MuseÂe d'Art et d'Histoire, Geneva. Courtesy of the MuseÂe d'Art et d'Histoire, Geneva; photograph, Jean Arlaud viii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Denis Diderot, oil painting by Louis-Michel van Loo, 1767; in the Louvre, Paris. Giraudon/Art Resource, New York John Wilkes, engraving from a manifesto commemorating his fight against general warrants and for the liberty of the press, 1768. Courtesy of the trustees of the British Museum; photo- graph, J.R. Freeman & Co. Ltd Declaration of Independence in Congress, at the Independence Hall, Philadelphia, July 4 1776, oil on canvas by John Trum- bull, 1819; in the United States Capitol Art Collection, Wa- shington, DC. The Granger Collection, New York Thomas Paine, detail of a portrait by JohnWesley Jarvis; in the Thomas Paine Memorial House, New Rochelle, NY. Courtesy of the Thomas Paine National Historical Association Edmund Burke, detail of an oil painting from the studio of Sir Joshua Reynolds, 1771; in the National Portrait Gallery, London. Courtesy of the National Portrait Gallery, London Mary Wollstonecraft, detail of an oil painting on canvas by John Opie, c. 1797; in the National Portrait Gallery, London. Courtesy of the National Portrait Gallery, London Adam Smith, paste medallion by James Tassie, 1787; in the Scottish National Portrait Gallery, Edinburgh. Courtesy of the Scottish National Portrait Gallery, Edinburgh Immanuel Kant, engraving. The Granger Collection, New York INTRODUCTION The Enlightenment A. C. Grayling Enlightenment Values When one thinks of the ``the Enlightenment'' one immediately considers an historical phenomenon whose main centre of gravity was eighteenth-century France, but which spilt across geographical and temporal borders, in particular westward towards England, Scotland, and North America (in which latter place it received its fullest contemporary realisation), and backward into the scientific, political, and philosophical revolutions of the seventeenth century.

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