The Britanica Guide to the History of Mathematics PDF
Preview The Britanica Guide to the History of Mathematics
The Britannica Guide to the History of Mathematics MATH EXPLAINED The Britannica Guide to the History of Mathematics EDITED BY ERIK GREGERSEN, ASSOCIATE EDITOR, ASTRONOMY AND SPACE EXPLORATION Published in 2011 by Britannica Educational Publishing (a trademark of Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.) in association with Rosen Educational Services, LLC 29 East 21st Street, New York, NY 10010. Copyright © 2011 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, and the Thistle logo are registered trademarks of Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. All rights reserved. Rosen Educational Services materials copyright © 2011 Rosen Educational Services, LLC. All rights reserved. Distributed exclusively by Rosen Educational Services. For a listing of additional Britannica Educational Publishing titles, call toll free (800) 237-9932. First Edition Britannica Educational Publishing Michael I. Levy: Executive Editor J.E. Luebering: Senior Manager Marilyn L. Barton: Senior Coordinator, Production Control Steven Bosco: Director, Editorial Technologies Lisa S. Braucher: Senior Producer and Data Editor Yvette Charboneau: Senior Copy Editor Kathy Nakamura: Manager, Media Acquisition Erik Gregersen: Associate Editor, Astronomy and Space Exploration Rosen Educational Services Hope Lourie Killcoyne: Senior Editor and Project Manager Bethany Bryan: Editor Nelson Sá: Art Director Cindy Reiman: Photography Manager Matthew Cauli: Designer, Cover Design Introduction by John Strazzabosco Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Britannica guide to the history of mathematics / edited by Erik Gregersen.—1st ed. p. cm.—(Math explained) “In association with Britannica Educational Publishing, Rosen Educational Services.” Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-61530221-5 (eBook) 1. Mathematics—History. I. Gregersen, Erik. II. Title: History of mathematics. QA21.B84 2011 510.9—dc22 2010008356 On the cover: Hands with abacus, an old-fashioned counting device. Jed Share/Photodisc/Getty Images On page 12: Illustrating Pythagoras’s theorem, this diagram comes from a mid-19th-century edition of the Elements of Euclid, a seminal multi-book series incorporating the findings of both mathematicians. SSPL via Getty Images On page 20: A page from Newton’s annotated copy of Elements, Euclid’s treatise on geometry. Hulton Archive/Getty Images On pages 21, 84, 182, 217, 256, 282, 285, 294: This diagram from Newton’s Principia Mathematica concerns hourly variations of the lunar orbit. SSPL via Getty Images CONTENTS Introduction Chapter 1: Ancient Western Mathematics Ancient Mathematical Sources Mathematics in Ancient Mesopotamia The Numeral System and Arithmetic Operations Geometric and Algebraic Problems Mathematical Astronomy Mathematics in Ancient Egypt The Numeral System and Arithmetic Operations Geometry Assessment of Egyptian Mathematics Greek Mathematics The Development of Pure Mathematics The Pre-Euclidean Period The Elements The Three Classical Problems Geometry in the 3rd Century BCE Archimedes Apollonius Applied Geometry Later Trends in Geometry and Arithmetic Greek Trigonometry and Mensuration Number Theory Survival and Influence of Greek Mathematics Mathematics in the Islamic World (8th–15th Century) Origins Mathematics in the 9th Century Mathematics in the 10th Century Omar Khayyam Islamic Mathematics to the 15th Century Chapter 2: European Mathematics Since the Middle Ages European Mathematics During the Middle Ages and Renaissance The Transmission of Greek and Arabic Learning The Universities The Renaissance
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