The Brain’s Sense of Movement PDF
Preview The Brain’s Sense of Movement
PERSPECTIVES IN COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE Stephen M. Kosslyn general editor THE BRAIN’S SENSE OF MOVEMENT Alain Berthoz TranslatedbyGiselleWeiss HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge,Massachusetts London,England Copyright©2000bythePresidentandFellowsof HarvardCollege all rights reserved PrintedintheUnitedStatesof America FirstpublishedinFranceasLeSensduMouvement Copyright©EditionsOdileJacob,1997 Publishedwiththeassistanceof theFrenchMinistryof Culture–CNL Pages327–328constituteanextensionof thecopyrightpage Libraryof CongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Berthoz,A. [SensduMouvement.English] Thebrain’ssenseof movement/AlainBerthoz;translatedbyGiselleWeiss. p.cm.—(Perspectivesincognitiveneuroscience) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN0-674-80109-1(cloth) ISBN0-674-00980-0(paper) 1.Motionperception(Vision) 2.Orientation(Physiology) 3.Proprioception. 4.Brain. 5.Neuropsychology. I.Title. II.Series. QP493.B47 2000 612.8(cid:1)2—dc21 00-023758 FOREWORD TO THE AMERICAN EDITION Thisbookwaspublishedin1997.Sciencemovesfast,andmanynewideasand observations have emerged in the intervening time. Yet the ideas proposed in this book have, if anything, been reinforced by recent knowledge about the brain.Ididnotthinkitusefultoreviseallthereferences,butIhaveincludeda number of papers published by our laboratory or close collaborators since 1997. I have also included a number of reviews from 1998 and 1999 in which thereaderwillfindmoregeneralrecentreferences. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IwouldliketothankOdileJacob,whoagreedtopublishtheFrencheditionof this book at the suggestion of Jean-Pierre Changeux and who saw it through productionwiththecombinationof keenintuitionandprofessionalismthatis hertrademark. Mountain climbers need a guide. Writing a book is a little like climbing a mountain.Theguideknowsthewaytothetop,avoidinglooserocksandhaz- ardous trails. He knows the moods of the mountain and its traditions. He keeps everyone on course, makes detours when needed, sets the pace, and transformstheclimbstepbystepintoarewardinghumanadventure.Myedi- torialguideforthisbookwasGérardJorland.Thebreadthof hisknowledgeas aphilosopherandhistorian,hisgenerosity,histrust,andhiscriticalcomments helpedme,encouragedme,andtouchedme. Maya, you accompanied this book. In form as well as in substance, you helpedmetomakeitnotonlyreadablebutunderstandable. The work of our laboratory would not have been possible without the supportof theCentreNationaldelaRechercheScientifique(CNRS),theCen- tre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES), and the Collège de France, which managed simultaneously to have faith in us, to rigorously evaluate our work, andtotoleratethegamblesthatarenecessaryfornewideastoemerge. I would also like to thank the people who willingly read parts of the manuscript, my friends and colleagues Pierre Buisseret, Valérie Cornilleau- Pérès, Jacques Droulez, Jean-René Duhamel, Werner Graf, Alexej Grantyn, Isabelle Israël, Joseph McIntyre, Edmund Rolls, Jean-Michel Roy, Jean-Jacques Slotine, Yves Trotter, Pierre-Paul Vidal, Paolo Viviani, Sidney Wiener, as well as our entire laboratory team, who carried out the experiments described here. I am grateful to the journal La Recherche for permission to reproduce a portion of the text and illustrations that appeared in a special issue on the brainin1996. IamalsogratefultoSolangeFanjatdeSaintFontforeditorialhelpandfor assemblingthebibliography.Herexpertisewascriticalinbringingthisdifficult projecttocompletion.Andlastbutnotleast,IthankFrédéricLacloche,whose computergraphicsskillIadmire.Headaptedtheillustrations. Finally, I am most grateful to Giselle Weiss who translated this book in English with remarkable speed, exceptional insight into what I wanted to say, and a wide and deep culture, which has earned my admiration. My gratitude also extends to the team at Harvard University Press for the thorough profes- sionalismwithwhichtheyhandledthisproject. ThetranslatorisdeeplyindebtedtoGreerIleneGilmanandBarbaraBreasted Whitesidesforeditorialandresearchassistance. viii (cid:127) AC K N OW L E D G M E N T S CONTENTS introduction PerceptionIsSimulatedAction TheMotorTheoryof Perception TheConceptof Acceptorof theResultsof Action Bernstein’sComparator MemoryPredictstheConsequencesof Action MentalNodes MirrorNeurons Simulation,Emulation,orRepresentation? TheSenseof Movement:ASixthSense? Proprioception TheVestibularySystem:AnInertialCenter? TheFunctionsof theVestibularSystem SeeingMovement BuildingCoherence HowVisionDetectsMovement VisualMovementandVestibularReceptors AmIinmyBedorHangingfromtheCeiling? TheCoherencebetweenSeeingandHearing TheProblemof theCoherenceandUnityof Perception Autism:TheDisintegrationof Coherence?
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