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The Bosnian Muslims THE BOSNIAN MUSLIMS Denial of a Nation Francine Friedman β Routledge Taylor &. Francis Group New York London First published in 1996 by Westview Press Published 2018 by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © 1996 Taylor and Francis All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Friedman, Francine, 1948- The Bosnian Muslims : denial of a nation / Francine Friedman p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8133-2097-6 (he.)—ISBN 0-8133-2096-8 (pbk.) 1. Muslims—Bosnia and Hercegovina—Ethnic identity. 2. Bosnia and Hercegovina—Ethnic relations. 3. Nationalism—Bosnia and Hercegovina. I. Title DR1674.M87F75 1996 305.6'971049742—dc20 95-43377 CIP ISBN 13: 978-0-8133-2096-0 (pbk) Contents List of Illustrations ix Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii Note on Usage and Pronunciation xv Introduction: Ethnicity, the Concept of a Nation, and the Bosnian Muslims 1 The Study of Ethnicity and Nationalism, 2 Ethnicity and the Modern State, 3 Notes, 5 1 Origin of the Bosnian Muslims 7 Early Balkan Settlement, 8 The Balkans in the Middle Ages, 9 Medieval Religious Practice in the Balkans, 11 Church Attacks on Heresy in Bosnia, 16 The Ottoman Invasion and Conquest of Bosnia, 16 Notes, 22 2 Bosnian Muslims in the Ottoman Empire 29 Social Structure, 29 Decay of the Ottoman Empire, 33 Bosnian Versus Ottoman Identification, 41 Notes, 47 3 Bosnian Muslims Under Austro-Hungarian Rule 57 Austro-Hungarian Occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 57 Resistance to Austro-Hungarian Occupation, 59 Austro-Hungarian Administration of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 61 Habsburg Annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 73 Bosnian Muslim Gains from Annexation, 75 V vi Contents World War I, 76 Notes, 80 4 Bosnian Muslims in the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes 89 Post-World War I Europe, 89 Creation of Yugoslavia, 91 Parliamentary Democracy in the Yugoslav Kingdom, 91 The Yugoslav Muslim Organization in Interwar Yugoslavia, 96 The Royal Dictatorship, 101 The Sporazum, 103 Bosnian Muslim Self-Identification in the Yugoslav Kingdom, 104 Bosnian Muslim Influence in Interwar Yugoslavia, 105 Conclusion, 108 Notes, 109 5 Bosnian Muslims in World War II 117 Yugoslavia's Entry into World War II, 118 Defeat of Yugoslavia, 120 Bosnian Muslims Under Fascist Rule, 122 Resistance During World War II, 126 Notes, 132 6 Growth of Bosnian Muslim Nationalism Under Tito 143 Post-World War II Yugoslavia, 143 Yugoslav National Policy, 146 Politicization of Bosnian Muslim Consciousness, 149 Rationale for Bosnian Muslim National Recognition, 164 Conclusion, 168 Notes, 168 7 Bosnian Muslims and the Dynamics of Post-Tito Politics 177 Yugoslavia After Tito, 178 Bosnian Muslim Status in Yugoslavia During the 1980s, 180 Rise of Nationalism in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 192 Notes, 198 8 Collapse of Yugoslavia and the Fate of the Bosnian Muslims 205 Yugoslavia's Democratic Elections and Their Aftermath, 206 Bosnian Muslims as a Bulwark Between Serbs and Croats, 220 Contents vii Economic and Foreign Policy Implications of the Recognition of the Bosnian Muslims, 222 Conclusion, 225 Notes, 225 9 The Case of the Bosnian Muslims: Relevance for the Social Sciences 235 Factors Influencing Interethnic Tensions, 236 The Case of the Bosnian Muslims in the Former Yugoslavia, 243 Implications of the Conflict, 246 Importance of the Ethnonationalistic View of International Affairs, 253 Notes, 254 Selected Bibliography 261 About the Book and Author 277 Index 279 Illustrations Tables 2.1 Population of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1890-1991 42 4.1 Population of Bosnia and Herzegovina by religion, 1910-1939 96 4.2 Election results in Yugoslavia, 1920-1927 98 4.3 1931 census: Yugoslavia 106 6.1 Population of Bosnia and Herzegovina by census, 1948-1991 155 6.2 Changing population ratios in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1948-1991 156 7.1 Ethnic composition of Yugoslavia by percentage of total population, 1948-1981 180 7.2 Distribution of ethnic Muslims in Yugoslavia by republic, 1948-1991 181 7.3 Ethnic composition of the League of Communists of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1971 Census 183 7.4 Ethnic composition of Officer Corps by percentage of population, 1970, 1972, 1991 184 7.5 Yugoslav Muslims taking the Hajj, 1967-1983 190 Maps 1 The former Yugoslavia and its neighbors xvi 2 Kingdom of Yugoslavia, 1929 and 1939-1941 102 3 Partitioned Yugoslavia, 1941 121 4 Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia, 1945-1991 145 5 Yugoslav successor states after 1991 210 ix

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