The Bosnian Muslims : denial of a nation

305 Pages·2018·20.125 MB·English

by  Friedman, Francine

The Bosnian Muslims

THE BOSNIAN
MUSLIMS
Denial of a Nation
Francine Friedman
β
Routledge
Taylor &. Francis Group
New York London
First published in 1996 by Westview Press
Published 2018 by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
Copyright © 1996 Taylor and Francis
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any
form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented,
including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the publishers.
Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only
for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Friedman, Francine, 1948-
The Bosnian Muslims : denial of a nation / Francine Friedman
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8133-2097-6 (he.)—ISBN 0-8133-2096-8 (pbk.)
1. Muslims—Bosnia and Hercegovina—Ethnic identity. 2. Bosnia
and Hercegovina—Ethnic relations. 3. Nationalism—Bosnia and
Hercegovina. I. Title
DR1674.M87F75 1996
305.6'971049742—dc20 95-43377
CIP
ISBN 13: 978-0-8133-2096-0 (pbk)
Contents
List of Illustrations ix
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiii
Note on Usage and Pronunciation xv
Introduction: Ethnicity, the Concept of a Nation,
and the Bosnian Muslims 1
The Study of Ethnicity and Nationalism, 2
Ethnicity and the Modern State, 3
Notes, 5
1 Origin of the Bosnian Muslims 7
Early Balkan Settlement, 8
The Balkans in the Middle Ages, 9
Medieval Religious Practice in the Balkans, 11
Church Attacks on Heresy in Bosnia, 16
The Ottoman Invasion and Conquest of Bosnia, 16
Notes, 22
2 Bosnian Muslims in the Ottoman Empire 29
Social Structure, 29
Decay of the Ottoman Empire, 33
Bosnian Versus Ottoman Identification, 41
Notes, 47
3 Bosnian Muslims Under Austro-Hungarian Rule 57
Austro-Hungarian Occupation of Bosnia and
Herzegovina, 57
Resistance to Austro-Hungarian Occupation, 59
Austro-Hungarian Administration of Bosnia and
Herzegovina, 61
Habsburg Annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 73
Bosnian Muslim Gains from Annexation, 75
V
vi Contents
World War I, 76
Notes, 80
4 Bosnian Muslims in the Kingdom of the Serbs,
Croats, and Slovenes 89
Post-World War I Europe, 89
Creation of Yugoslavia, 91
Parliamentary Democracy in the Yugoslav Kingdom, 91
The Yugoslav Muslim Organization in Interwar
Yugoslavia, 96
The Royal Dictatorship, 101
The Sporazum, 103
Bosnian Muslim Self-Identification in the Yugoslav
Kingdom, 104
Bosnian Muslim Influence in Interwar Yugoslavia, 105
Conclusion, 108
Notes, 109
5 Bosnian Muslims in World War II 117
Yugoslavia's Entry into World War II, 118
Defeat of Yugoslavia, 120
Bosnian Muslims Under Fascist Rule, 122
Resistance During World War II, 126
Notes, 132
6 Growth of Bosnian Muslim Nationalism Under Tito 143
Post-World War II Yugoslavia, 143
Yugoslav National Policy, 146
Politicization of Bosnian Muslim Consciousness, 149
Rationale for Bosnian Muslim National Recognition, 164
Conclusion, 168
Notes, 168
7 Bosnian Muslims and the Dynamics of Post-Tito Politics 177
Yugoslavia After Tito, 178
Bosnian Muslim Status in Yugoslavia During the 1980s, 180
Rise of Nationalism in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 192
Notes, 198
8 Collapse of Yugoslavia and the Fate of the Bosnian Muslims 205
Yugoslavia's Democratic Elections and Their Aftermath, 206
Bosnian Muslims as a Bulwark Between Serbs and Croats, 220
Contents vii
Economic and Foreign Policy Implications of the
Recognition of the Bosnian Muslims, 222
Conclusion, 225
Notes, 225
9 The Case of the Bosnian Muslims: Relevance
for the Social Sciences 235
Factors Influencing Interethnic Tensions, 236
The Case of the Bosnian Muslims in the Former
Yugoslavia, 243
Implications of the Conflict, 246
Importance of the Ethnonationalistic View
of International Affairs, 253
Notes, 254
Selected Bibliography 261
About the Book and Author 277
Index 279

Illustrations
Tables
2.1 Population of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1890-1991 42
4.1 Population of Bosnia and Herzegovina by religion,
1910-1939 96
4.2 Election results in Yugoslavia, 1920-1927 98
4.3 1931 census: Yugoslavia 106
6.1 Population of Bosnia and Herzegovina by census,
1948-1991 155
6.2 Changing population ratios in Bosnia and
Herzegovina, 1948-1991 156
7.1 Ethnic composition of Yugoslavia by percentage of
total population, 1948-1981 180
7.2 Distribution of ethnic Muslims in Yugoslavia by republic,
1948-1991 181
7.3 Ethnic composition of the League of Communists of
Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1971 Census 183
7.4 Ethnic composition of Officer Corps by percentage of
population, 1970, 1972, 1991 184
7.5 Yugoslav Muslims taking the Hajj, 1967-1983 190
Maps
1 The former Yugoslavia and its neighbors xvi
2 Kingdom of Yugoslavia, 1929 and 1939-1941 102
3 Partitioned Yugoslavia, 1941 121
4 Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia, 1945-1991 145
5 Yugoslav successor states after 1991 210
ix