The Bloomsbury Companion to Kant

451 Pages·2015·2.617 MB·English

by  Gary Banham, Dennis Schulting, Nigel Hems

The Bloomsbury
Companion to Kant
The Bloomsbury Companions series is a major series of single volume companions to key
research fields in the humanities aimed at postgraduate students, scholars and libraries. Each
companion offers a comprehensive reference resource giving an overview of key topics, research
areas, new directions and a manageable guide to beginning or developing research in the field. A
distinctive feature of the series is that each companion provides practical guidance on advanced
study and research in the field, including research methods and subject-specific resources.
Aesthetics, edited by Anna Christina Ribeiro Leibniz, edited by Brandon Look
Aristotle, edited by Claudia Baracchi Locke, edited by S.-J. Savonius-Wroth, Paul
Continental Philosophy, edited by John Schuurman and Jonathan Walmsley
Mullarkey and Beth Lord Metaphysics, edited by Robert W. Barnard
Epistemology, edited by Andrew Cullison and Neil A. Manson
Ethics, edited by Christian Miller Philosophy of Language, edited by Manuel
Existentialism, edited by Jack Reynolds, Garcia-Carpintero and Max Kolbel
Felicity Joseph and Ashley Woodward Philosophy of Mind, edited by James Garvey
Hegel, edited by Allegra de Laurentiis and Philosophy of Science, edited by Steven
Jeffrey Edwards French and Juha Saatsi
Heidegger, edited by Francois Raffoul and Plato, edited by Gerald A. Press
Eric Sean Nelson Pragmatism, edited by Sami Pihlström
Hobbes, edited by S.A. Lloyd Philosophical Logic, edited by Leon Horsten
Hume, edited by Alan Bailey and Dan and Richard Pettigrew
O’Brien Socrates, edited by John Bussanich and
Kant, edited by Gary Banham, Dennis Nicholas D. Smith
Schulting and Nigel Hems Spinoza, edited by Wiep van Bunge
THE BLOOMSBURY
COMPANiON TO KANT
EDiTED BY
Gary Banham(†)
Dennis Schulting
and Nigel Hems
LONDON • NEW DELHI • NEW YORK • SYDNEY
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First published as The Continuum Companion to Kant 2012
© Gary Banham, Dennis Schulting, Nigel Hems and Contributors 2012, 2015
Gary Banham, Dennis Schulting and Nigel Hems have asserted their right
under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as
the Editors of this work.
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British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
iSBN: PB: 978-1-47258-678-0
ePDF: 978-1-47258-680-3
ePub: 978-1-47258-679-7
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Continuum companion to Kant
The Bloomsbury companion to Kant / edited by Gary Banham,
Dennis Schulting and Nigel Hems.—Second edition.
pages cm
“First published as The Continuum Companion to Kant, 2012.”
includes bibliographical references.
iSBN 978-1-4725-8678-0 (paperback)
1. Kant, immanuel, 1724–1804. i. Gary Banham, 1965–2013– editor.
ii. Dennis Schulting, 1969–, editor. iii. Nigel Hems, 1966–, editor. iV. Title.
B2798.C753 2015
193—dc23
2014033851
Typeset by Newgen Knowledge Works (P) Ltd., Chennai, india
Printed and bound in Great Britain
Contents
Preface ix
Preface to the Second Edition xi
List of Abbreviations of Kant’s Works xiii
List of Contributors xvii
iNTRODUCTiON 1
PARt I: KeY WRItInGs
1. KEY WORKS 11
The Only Possible Argument in Support of a Demonstration of
the Existence of God 11
The ‘inaugural Dissertation’ 13
Critique of Pure Reason 16
Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics that Will Be Able to Come
Forward as Science 32
Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals 34
Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science 40
Critique of Practical Reason 45
Critique of Judgment 50
Religion Within the Boundaries of Mere Reason 60
Toward Perpetual Peace 66
Metaphysics of Morals 70
PARt II: KAnt’s ConteXts
2. PHiLOSOPHiCAL AND HiSTORiCAL CONTEXT 85
Academy prize essay 85
Aristotelianism 86
J. A. Eberhard 88
Empiricism 90
Frederick the Great 91
French Revolution 93
Garve-Feder review 94
CONTENTS
J. G. Herder 96
Francis Hutcheson 98
Königsberg 99
J. H. Lambert 101
Moses Mendelssohn 102
Physical influx 105
Pietism 106
Prussia 108
School Philosophy 110
Adam Smith 112
Baruch de Spinoza/Spinozism 114
3. SOURCES AND iNFLUENCES 121
Aristotle 121
Francis Bacon 124
A. G. Baumgarten 126
Cicero 128
C. A. Crusius 129
René Descartes 130
Epicurus and Epicureanism 133
Leonhard Euler 135
Marcus Herz 136
David Hume 137
G. W. Leibniz 139
John Locke 141
G. F. Meier 142
isaac Newton 144
Plato 145
Jean-Jacques Rousseau 147
Emanuel Swedenborg 151
J. N. Tetens 154
Christian Wolff 156
PARt III: KeY tHeMes AnD toPICs
4. KEY THEMES AND TOPiCS 165
Aesthetic Judgment / Amphiboly / Analogy / Analogies of Experience /
Analysis / Anthropology / Anticipations of Perception / Antinomies / Appearance
/ Apperception (Self-Consciousness) / A Priori, A Posteriori / Art (Genius) /
Axioms of intuition / Categorical imperative (Moral Law) / Cosmopolitan(ism)
/ Critique / Deduction (Categories) / Dialectic / Duty, Duties / Enlightenment
/ Enthusiasm / Experience (Sensibility) / Form, Formal / Freedom / Geometry
/ idea, ideas / identity / imagination / inner and Outer Sense / interest /
intuition / Judgment (Understanding) / Kingdom of Ends / Knowledge / Laws
(of Nature), Lawfulness / Logic (Concept, Thought, Syllogism) / Mathematics
/ Metaphysics / Method / Morality / Natural Science / Necessity / Object,
Objectivity / Paralogisms / Postulates of Empirical Thinking / Principle of
vi
CONTENTS
(Non-)Contradiction / Principle of Sufficient Reason / Proof / Proofs of
the Existence of God / Psychology / Pure / Radical Evil / Reality (Objective
Reality) / Reason / Refutation of idealism / Regulative Principles / Religion
(Highest Good) / Representation / Right / Schematism / Spontaneity / Sublime /
Synthesis (Synthetic A Priori) / System / Teleology (Purposiveness, End) / Thing
in itself / Transcendental / Transcendental Aesthetic / Transcendental ideal /
Transcendental idealism / Truth / Virtue, Virtues / Will (Choice)
PARt IV: ReCePtIon AnD InFLUenCe
5. RECEPTiON AND iNFLUENCE 293
Until 1781: Responses to Kant’s ‘inaugural Dissertation’ (1770) 293
First Reactions to the Critique of Pure Reason: the 1780s and Later 297
Kantianism in the 1790s: From Reinhold to Hegel 305
Hegel’s Appropriation of Kant’s Theoretical Philosophy in the Jena Period 310
Schopenhauer’s Reception of Kant 313
‘Back to Kant’: Neo-Kantianism 318
Heidegger’s Ontological Reading of Kant 324
Analytical Kantianism 329
Analytic Approaches to Kant’s Ethics 333
Kantian Normativity in Rawls, Korsgaard and Continental Practical Philosophy 337
PARt V: BIBLIoGRAPHY
6. KANT BiBLiOGRAPHY 351
index 421
vii

PReFACe
There are few philosophers whose influence is more widely felt across the range of the subject
in the contemporary world than is the case with immanuel Kant (1724–1804). Despite the
breadth of Kant’s influence on contemporary philosophy, it can be extremely difficult to get
a grip on the nature of Kant’s own work. One of the central reasons why this can be so dif-
ficult is precisely because of the range of Kant’s own philosophical contributions. To make a
major impact on the understanding of metaphysics would be sufficient reason for a thinker to
be regarded as a ‘major’ philosopher. But Kant’s ethics are surely as central to debates in con-
temporary moral philosophy as the Critique of Pure Reason is in contemporary metaphysics
and epistemology. Nor does Kant’s importance end there since, as is widely recognized, the
Critique of Judgment is foundational for the modern discipline of aesthetics (in addition to
raising questions about teleology that have, if anything, gained in resonance in recent years).
Finally, the comprehension of the status of scientific laws and the way science itself is philo-
sophically understood are topics that often lead thinkers to read or re-read The Metaphysical
Foundations of Natural Science. When these points are put together, it becomes evident that
Kant ‘ s influence is not only broad in range on contemporary philosophy but comprehending
the nature of this influence is itself something that requires extended reflection and for such
reflection to be effective, there is a need for guidebooks that clearly map all the central ele-
ments of Kant’s philosophy.
it is the point of this Companion to fill this need, something that many guides to Kant’s
philosophy only partially do. in order to meet this requirement we have assembled a wid-
eranging, international team that can together help general readers to find their way around
both the specific parts of Kant’s philosophy and the inter-relations between them. Whilst
the work of each of us as editors of this volume has been considerable, the effect of the
Companion would be without doubt that much less were it not for the many contributions
we solicited and received. For the work provided here, we would like to thank Lucy Allais,
Tom Bailey, Steven M. Bayne, Karin de Boer, Kees Jan Brons, John Callanan, Luigi Caranti,
Howard Caygill, Martin Davies, Katerina Deligiorgi, Corey Dyck, Wolfgang Ertl, Richard
Fincham, Samuel Fleischacker, Brett Fulkerson-Smith, ido Geiger, Gregory Johnson, Johan de
Jong, Christian Krijnen, Beth Lord, Michela Massimi, Giuseppe Motta, Ernst-Otto Onnasch,
Christian Onof, Marcel Quarfood, Aviv Reiter, Yaron Senderowicz, Marco Sgarbi, Scott
Stapleford, Rudi te Velde, Jacco Verburgt, Falk Wunderlich and Job Zinkstok.