The Blackwell Guide to Research Methods in Bilingualism and Multilingualism

415 Pages·2008·4.314 MB·English

by  Li Wei, Melissa G. Moyer (eds.)

The Blackwell Guide to Research Methods in
Bilingualism and Multilingualism
The Blackwell Guide to Research Methods in Bilinguali sm and Multilingualism. Edited by Li Wei and Melissa G. Moyer
© 2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. ISBN: 978-1-405-12607-6
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The Blackwell Guide to Research
Methods in Bilingualism and
Multilingualism
Edited by Li Wei and Melissa G. Moyer
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© 2008 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd
BLACKWELL PUBLISHING
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The right of Li Wei and Melissa G. Moyer to be identified as the authors of the editorial material in
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First published 2008 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd
1 2008
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The Blackwell guide to research methods in bilingualism and multilingualism / edited by Li Wei and
Melissa Moyer.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4051-2607-6 (hardcover : alk. paper) – ISBN 978-1-4051-7900-3 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. Bilingualism–Research–Methodology. 2. Multilingualism–Research–Methodology. I. Wei, Li,
1961– II. Moyer, Melissa G., 1956–
P115.B575 2008
404′.2072–dc22
2007038438
A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library.
Set in 10/13pt Sabon
by Graphicraft Limited, Hong Kong
Printed and bound in Singapore
by C.O.S Printers Pte Ltd
The publisher’s policy is to use permanent paper from mills that operate a sustainable forestry policy,
and which has been manufactured from pulp processed using acid-free and elementary chlorine-free
practices. Furthermore, the publisher ensures that the text paper and cover board used have met
acceptable environmental accreditation standards.
For further information on
Blackwell Publishing, visit our website at
www.blackwellpublishing.com
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Contents
List of Figures vii
List of Tables viii
Notes on Contributors ix
Acknowledgments xv
Preface xvi
Part I Researching Bilingualism and Multilingualism 1
1 Research Perspectives on Bilingualism and Multilingualism 3
Li Wei
2 Research as Practice: Linking Theory, Method, and Data 18
Melissa G. Moyer
Part II Procedures, Methods, and Tools 33
3 Types and Sources of Bilingual Data 35
Jacomine Nortier
4 Bilingual Speech Data: Criteria for Classification 53
Penelope Gardner-Chloros
5 Selecting Individuals, Groups, and Sites 73
Elizabeth Lanza
6 Study Design: Cross-sectional, Longitudinal, Case, and Group 88
Zhu Hua and Annabelle David
7 Laboratory Designs and Paradigms: Words, Sounds, and Sentences 108
Judith F. Kroll, Chip Gerfen, and Paola E. Dussias
8 Imaging Technologies 132
Jubin Abutalebi and Pasquale Anthony Della Rosa
9 Interviews and Questionnaires 158
Eva Codó
10 Recording Audio and Video 177
Ignasi Clemente
11 Transcription 192
Maria Teresa Turell and Melissa G. Moyer
v
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vi Contents
12 Quantification and Statistics 214
Natasha Tokowicz and Tessa Warren
13 Data Banks and Corpora 232
Ad Backus
14 Doing Ethnography 249
Monica Heller
15 Social Network Analysis 263
Xu Daming, Wang Xiaomei, and Li Wei
16 Conversation and Interactional Analysis 275
Holly R. Cashman
17 Critical Discourse Analysis 296
Adrian Blackledge
18 Narrative Analysis 311
Aneta Pavlenko
19 Media Analysis 326
Tony Purvis
Part III Project Ideas, Dissemination, and Resources 343
20 Project Ideas 345
Li Wei and Melissa G. Moyer
21 Disseminating Research: A Guide to Conference Presentation and
Journal Publication 354
Melissa G. Moyer and Li Wei
22 Resources for Research on Bilingualism and Multilingualism 361
Li Wei and Melissa G. Moyer
References 365
Index 399
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List of Figures
1.1 Concept Mediation Model 10
1.2 Lexical Association Model 11
1.3 Revised Hierarchical Model 11
1.4 Language mode 12
2.1 Basic research tasks 26
3.1 Continuum for data collection 46
7.1 English lexical decision: Is the string of letters a real word
in English? 111
7.2 The eye-tracking paradigm used to study cross-language activation
in spoken word recognition 113
7.3 The cross-language picture-word Stroop task 115
7.4 How VOT is measured 117
7.5 Eye-movement records while Spanish-English speakers read a
structurally ambiguous sentence 127
8.1 Topographic scalp distribution of the semantic N400-effect 141
8.2 The subtraction method in functional neuroimaging experiments 151
8.3 Brain activity patterns during grammatical processing and
semantic processing 155
11.1 The location of transcription in the research process 192
11.2 Required information to be included with transcription 196
15.1 Society as social networks 264
15.2 Structural patterns of different kinds of social networks 266
15.3 Comparison of two individuals’ networks 270
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List of Tables
6.1 Possible combinations of four research study designs 105
8.1 Summary of brain-imaging techniques 156
9.1 Possible themes for a questionnaire on bilingualism 174
12.1 Factorial design crossing L2 proficiency and cognate status 218
12.2 Accuracy data (%) for the sample experiment crossing L2
proficiency and cognate status 220
13.1 Differences between monolingual and bilingual corpora 237
13.2 Annotating code-switching 245
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Notes on Contributors
Jubin Abutalebi, MD ([email protected]), is a cognitive neurologist and Assistant
Professor of Neuropsychology at the Faculty of Psychology, University Vita Salute
San Raffaele, Milan, Italy. His main research activities focus on the cerebral
architecture underlying bilingualism which he studies by employing functional
neuroimaging techniques. He is author of many journal articles and co-editor of
two forthcoming books: Neuropsychological Research: A Review (Psychology Press)
and Cognitive Neurology (Oxford University Press).
Ad Backus, PhD ([email protected]), is Associate Professor in the Department
of Language and Culture at Tilburg University, The Netherlands, and a member of
the Babylon research group, which specializes in the study of multiculturalism and
multilingualism. His empirical work has mostly been on Turkish-Dutch code-
switching and contact-induced language change in the immigrant variety of Turkish.
Most analyses are done within a cognitive-linguistic theoretical framework. He pub-
lishes widely in journals such as Linguistics, the International Journal of Bilingualism,
and Bilingualism: Language and Cognition.
Adrian Blackledge, PhD ([email protected]), is Professor of Bilingualism
at the School of Education, University of Birmingham, UK. His main areas of
research are multilingualism and social justice in linguistic minority settings, and
discourse and power in multilingual contexts. His publications include Teaching
Bilingual Children (Trentham Books, 1994), Literacy, Power, and Social Justice
(Trentham Books, 2000), and Discourse and Power in a Multilingual World (John
Benjamins, 2005). He has also co-edited two volumes: Multilingualism, Second
Language Learning, and Gender (with Aneta Pavlenko, Ingrid Piller, and Marya
Teutsch-Dwyer, Mouton De Gruyter, 2001) and Negotiation of Identities in
Multilingual Contexts (with Aneta Pavlenko, Multilingual Matters, 2004).
Holly Cashman, PhD ([email protected]), is Assistant Professor of Spanish
Linguistics in the School of International Letters and Cultures at Arizona State
University, USA. Her main research interests include code-switching, bilingual
conversation, identity in interaction, and variation in Spanish in southwestern
USA. She is currently co-editing (with Ashley Williams) a special issue of Multilingua
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x Notes on Contributors
on the emergence of bilingual identity in interaction, and she has authored articles
in several journals including the Journal of Pragmatics, the Journal of Multilingual
and Multicultural Development, and the Journal of Politeness Research.
Ignasi Clemente, PhD ([email protected]), is a postdoctoral research fellow
in the Department of Pediatrics, D. Geffen School of Medicine at the University of
California Los Angeles, USA, and an international trainee in the Canadian Institutes
of Health Research Strategic Training Program on Pain in Child Health. His main
research interests include the sociocultural and communicative aspects of pain and
suffering, health communication and shared decision-making in pediatric care, and
embodied communication in multilingual settings. In his PhD dissertation, he exam-
ined how Spanish- and Catalan-speaking patients, parents, and doctors negotiated
the limits of uncertainty and non-disclosure throughout unpredictable cancer
trajectories at a hospital in Barcelona, Catalonia (Spain).
Eva Codó, PhD ([email protected]), is Lecturer in English and Linguistics at both
the Faculty of Education and the Faculty of Arts of the Universitat Autònoma de
Barcelona, Spain. Her main research interests include multilingualism in institutional
settings, language, immigration and processes of social exclusion, and the socio-
linguistics of English as a contact language in Spain. She is author of the book
Immigration and Bureaucratic Control: Language Practices in the PublicAdministration
(Mouton de Gruyter, in press).
Annabelle David, PhD ([email protected]), is a Research Associate at
Newcastle University, UK. Her main research interests include second and bilingual
language acquisition, especially of vocabulary. She also has an interest in the use of
digital technologies to facilitate L2 research. She has recently finished her doctoral
thesis and published in the International Journal of Bilingualism and Bilingual
Education.
Pasquale Anthony Della Rosa ([email protected]) is a PhD student at the
Department of Psycholinguistics of the University of Geneva, Switzerland and holds
a junior research fellowship at the University Vita Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
He is actively working in the field of functional neuroimaging and masters all
technical knowledge for acquiring, analyzing, and interpreting functional braindata.
Paola Dussias, PhD ([email protected]), is Associate Professor of Spanish, Linguistics
and Psychology at Penn State University, USA. Her main research interests include
sentence comprehension processes in bilingual speakers and second language learners,
and the use of experimental techniques to study psycholinguistic processes involving
code-switched utterances. Her work has appeared in Bilingualism: Language and
Cognition, Studies in Second Language Acquisition, the International Journal of
Bilingualism, and Handbook of Bilingualism.
Penelope Gardner-Chloros, PhD ([email protected]), is Lecturer in the
School of Languages, Linguistics and Culture at Birkbeck, University of London,
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Notes on Contributors xi
UK. Her main research interests include code-switching, language contact, andterms
of address in European languages. She is the author of Code-switching (Cambridge
University Press, 2008), Language Selection and Switching in Strasbourg (Oxford
University Press, 1991), co-editor of Vernacular Literacy: A Re-evaluation (Oxford
University Press, 1997), and a founding member of the LIPPS Group, which has set
up a database of bilingual texts for researchers (see Special Issue, International
Journal of Bilingualism, 4(2) June 2000).
Chip Gerfen, PhD ([email protected]), is Associate Professor of Linguistics and
Spanish Linguistics at Penn State University, USA. His main research interests
include phonology, experimental linguistics, psycholinguistics, and bilingualism.
He is the author of Phonology and Phonetics in Coatzospan Mixtec (Kluwer,
1999) and has published in journals such as Bilingualism: Language and Cognition,
and the Journal of Phonetics.
Monica Heller, PhD ([email protected]), is Professor at the Ontario Institute
for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Canada. Her main research interests
concern bilingualism, ethnography, globalization, and linguistic minorities, with a
focus on francophone Canada. Her most recent publications include (as editor)
Bilingualism: A Social Approach (Palgrave, 2007) and (co-edited with A. Duchêne)
Discourses of Endangerment: Ideology and Interest in the Defense of Languages
(Continuum, 2007). She has published articles in such journals as the Journal of
Sociolinguistics, Langage et Société, and Language in Society.
Judith Kroll, PhD ([email protected]), is Distinguished Professor of Psychology,
Linguistics, and Women’s Studies and Co-Director of the Center for Language
Science at Pennsylvania State University, USA. The research that she and her students
pursue concerns the acquisition, comprehension, and production of words in two
languages during second language learning and in proficient bilingual performance.
She served as a co-editor of Bilingualism: Language and Cognition from its founding
in 1997 until 2001 and as its coordinating editor from 2001 to 2002. Together
with Annette de Groot she co-edited Tutorials in Bilingualism: Psycholinguistic
Perspectives (Erlbaum, 1997) and the Handbook of Bilingualism: Psycholinguistic
Approaches (Oxford University Press, 2005). She is a member of the editorial
boards of the International Journal of Bilingualism, the Journal of Memory and
Language, the Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and
Cognition, and Psychological Science.
Elizabeth Lanza, PhD ([email protected]), is Professor of Applied Linguistics
at the Department of Linguistics and Scandinavian Studies, University of Oslo,
Norway. Her main research interests are in sociolinguistic approaches to the study
of multilingualism, including discourse/conversation analysis, social network analysis,
language ideology, and identity in language socialization. She is author of Language
Mixing in Infant Bilingualism: A Sociolinguistic Perspective (Oxford University
Press, 1997/2004) and numerous book chapters and articles in journals such as the
International Journal of Bilingualism and the Journal of Child Language.
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