The Blackwell encyclopedia of sociology PDF
Preview The Blackwell encyclopedia of sociology
C00KIEEE THE BLACKWELL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SOCIOLOGY The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology Edited by George Ritzer # 2007 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd BLACKWELL PUBLISHING 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK 550 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia TherightofGeorgeRitzertobeidentifiedastheAuthoroftheEditorialMaterialinthisWorkhasbeenassertedin accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inany formorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,exceptaspermittedbytheUK Copyright,Designs,andPatentsAct1988,withoutthepriorpermissionofthepublisher. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks, or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professionaladviceorotherexpertassistanceisrequired,theservicesofacompetentprofessionalshouldbesought. First published 2007 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd 4 2009 Library of Congress CataloginginPublication Data Blackwell encyclopedia of sociology, the / edited by George Ritzer. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4051-2433-1 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Sociology Encyclopedias. I. Ritzer, George. HM425.B53 2007 301.03 dc22 2006004167 A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library. Set in 9.5/11pt Ehrhardt by Spi Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India Printed in Singapore by COS Printers Pte Ltd Thepublisher’spolicyistousepermanentpaperfrommillsthatoperateasustainableforestrypolicy,andwhichhas beenmanufacturedfrompulpprocessedusingacid-freeandelementarychlorine-freepractices.Furthermore,the publisherensuresthatthetextpaperandcoverboardusedhavemetacceptableenvironmentalaccreditationstandards. For further information on Blackwell Publishing, visit our website: www.blackwellpublishing.com Contents About the Editor and Managing Editors vii Advisory Editors ix Contributors xv Acknowledgments lxi Introduction lxiii Timeline lxxi Lexicon xciii EntriesAtoZ 1 -5325 Select Bibliography 5327 Selected Websites 5339 Index 5341 About the Editor and Managing Editors EDITOR George Ritzer is Distinguished University Professor at the University of Maryland. Among his awards: Honorary Doctorate from La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia; Honorary Patron, University Philosophical Society, Trinity College, Dublin; American Sociological Association’s DistinguishedContributiontoTeachingAward.HehaschairedtheAmericanSociologicalAssocia tion’s Section on Theoretical Sociology, as well as the Section on Organizations and Occupations. Among his books in metatheory are Sociology: A Multiple Paradigm Science and Metatheorizing in Sociology.Intheapplication ofsocial theorytothesocial world,his booksinclude TheMcDonaldi zation of Society, Enchanting a Disenchanted World, and The Globalization of Nothing. He has published two volumes of his collected works, one in theory and the other in the application of theory to the social world, especially consumption. In the latter area, he is founding editor of the Journal of Consumer Culture. He has edited the Blackwell Companion to Major Social Theorists and co editedtheHandbookofSocialTheory.InadditiontotheEncyclopediaofSociology,hehasedited the two volume Encyclopedia of Social Theory. His books have been translated into over 20 languages, with over a dozen translations of The McDonaldization of Society alone. SENIOR MANAGING EDITOR J.MichaelRyanisaPhDcandidateinsociologyattheUniversityofMaryland.Hisdissertation will focus on the fusion of emerging new urban and consumer landscapes. He has contributed to two other encyclopedias, The Encyclopedia of Social Theory and Great Events in History: The LGBT Series. He currently serves as Managing Editor of the Journal of Consumer Culture as well as listserv manager for the Consumer Studies Research Network. His awards include the UMD 2004 LGBT Award for Outstanding Leadership and Community Advocacy as well as a C. Wright Mills fellowship. His other publications with George Ritzer include ‘‘Toward a Richer Understanding of Global Commodification: Glocalization and Grobalization,’’ Hedgehog Review 5 (2) and ‘‘Transformations in Consumer Settings: Landscapes and Beyond’’ (also with Jeff Stepnisky) in Inside Consumption, edited by R. Ratneshwar and David Mick. ASSISTANT MANAGING EDITOR BetsyThornisadoctoralstudentinSociologyattheUniversityofMaryland.Herinterestsinclude socialtheoryandthesociologyofthefamily.Herrecentworkincludesamaster’sthesisthatapplies Pierre Bourdieu’s theory to a qualitative analysis of women’s roles as consumers and in the labor forceinthepost warera,aswellasquantitativeanalysesoftime usepatternswithinthefamily.Her awards include a C. Wright Mills fellowship. Advisory Editors Rebecca G. Adams is Professor of Sociology SuzanneM.BianchiisProfessorandChairof at theUniversity of NorthCarolina at Greens the Department of Sociology at the University boro. Her publications include: Deadhead of Maryland. She is a Past President of the SocialScience(2000),PlacingFriendshipinCon Population Association of America and co text (1998), Adult Friendship (1992), and Older editorofthejournalDemography.Sheisauthor Adult Friendship: Structure and Process (1989). of Changing Rhythms of American Family Life A Past President of the Southern Sociological (with John Robinson and Melissa Milkie, Society and Fellow of the Gerontological 2006). Society of America and of the Association for GerontologyinHigherEducation,sheservesas ChrisCarterisaProfessorofManagementat Editor of Personal Relationships and as a Mem the University of St. Andrews in Scotland. He ber at Large of the Council of the American is a Visiting ICAN Fellow at the University Sociological Association. of Technology, Sydney. He has published in journals such as Accounting, Organizations and Syed Farid Alatas is an Associate Professor Society, Critical Perspectives on Accounting, at the National University of Singapore spe Human Relations, Industrial Relations Journal, cializing in sociological theory and historical and Organization and Organization Studies. sociology. His publications include Alternative Discourse in Asian Social Science: Responses to Roberto Cipriani is Professor of Sociology Eurocentrism(2006)andDemocracyandAuthor and Chair of the Department of Sciences itarianism in Indonesia and Malaysia: The Rise of Education at the University of Rome 3. of the Post Colonial State (1997). He has served as a Visiting Professor at the University of Sa˜o Paulo, at the University of Graham Allan is Professor of Sociology at BuenosAires,andatLavalUniversity,Quebec. the University of Keele, UK, and Visiting He served as editor in chief of International Professor in Family Studies at the University Sociology, and is currently President of the of British Columbia, Vancouver. His recent Italian Sociological Association. books include Placing Friendship in Context (1998, with Rebecca Adams); Families, House Stewart R. Clegg is a Professor at the Uni holds, and Society (2001, with Graham Crow); versityofTechnology,Sydney,andDirectorof and The State of Affairs (2004, with Jean ICAN Research, a Key University Research Duncombe, Kaeren Harrison, and Dennis Center. He also holds Chairs at Aston Univer Marsden). sityandisaVisitingProfessorattheUniversity of Maastricht and the Vrije Universiteit, Peter Beilharz is Professor of Sociology and Amsterdam. He has published extensively in Director of the Thesis Eleven Center for Cri manyjournalsandhascontributedalargenum ticalTheoryatLaTrobeUniversity,Australia. ber of books to the literature, including the He is author or editor of 22 books, including award winningHandbookofOrganizationStud Imagining the Antipodes (1997) and Zygmunt ies (2nd edition 2006, co edited with Cynthia Bauman(2000).HewasProfessorofAustralian Hardy, Walter Nord, and Tom Lawrence). Studies at Harvard, 1999–2000, and is Fellow HismostrecentbooksareManagingandOrga of the Center for Cultural Sociology at Yale. nizations:AnIntroductiontoTheoryandPractice Heiscollaboratingonanintellectualbiography (2005, with Martin Kornberger and Tyrone ofthefoundingmotherofAustraliansociology, Pitsis)andPowerandOrganizations(2006,with Jean Martin. DavidCourpassonandNelsonPhillips).
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