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ISBN0 -679-72467-2 I 9 7806797 24674 T H l1 l tt c k Jacobins TOUSSAILN'TO UVERTUANRED THE SAND OMINGOR EVOLUTION SECONDE DITIONll,E VISED c. L.J AR.M ES VINTAGE BOOKS A DiviosRfia onnd Hoomu Isnec,N. e wY ork VINTAGEB OOKSE DITIONO,c tobe1r9 89 Copyrig©h 1t9 6b3y R andomH ouseI,n c. Allr ightrse servuedn derI nternatiaonnda Pla n AmericaCno pyrigChotn ventioPnusb.l ishiend t he United Stbayt Veisn taBgoeo ksa, d ivisoifoR na ndom HouseI,n cN.e,w Y orka,n ds imultaneionuC salnya dbay RandomH ouseo fC anadLai miteTdor,o ntOor. iginally publisihnet dh e UniStteadt eisnd, i fferfeonrtmb ,y T he DiaPlr esTsh.i esd itioorni ginpaulbllyi sbheyVd i ntage Booksad, i visoifoR na ndomH ouseI,n ci.n,1 963. Thel ineqsu oteodn p age4 02a ref rom" The DryS al vageisn"F ouQru artcoeptysri,1g 9h4t3,b, yT .SE.l ioRte. printbeydp ermiSSoifoH na rcourt, &B Wroarcled I,n c. ISBN0:- 679-72467-Z LibraorfCy o ngreCsasr dN umber6:3 -15043 Manufactuirnte hdeU niteSdt atoefsA merica 9B ToM y Good Friends PREFACET OTHE VINTAGE EDmON HARRYAND ELIZABETH SPENCEB, THIS boowka s wriitn1t 9e3n8T .o dya,I h avlei ttot laed d OF NELSON, LANCASHIRE, ENGLAND too rs ubtrafrcotm th e fundameindteawalh si cgho verned itcso nceptiTohne.ya ref amro rec ommopnr operntyo w thanth eyw eret wenty-Byveea rasg oW.h erthee yfl yin thef acoefh istoreivceanIlth sa voem ittoerad l tethreemdJ nevemro reth ant oth e exteonfta f ewl ines. Ih avree taithnee cdo cnludingp agewsh icehn visage andw erein tendetdos timulathtee c ominge mancipation ofM ricaT. heya rea parotf th e histoorfo yu rti me.I n 1938o nlyt hewr itearn da handfouflc losaes sociates thoughwtr,o taen ds pokaesif the Mricane venotfsth e lasqtu artoefar c entuwrye riem minent. TheA ppend�ix',F rToomu ssaLin'tO uverttouF ried el Castroa,t"t emfpotthrse futuorfeth e WestI ndiaellso ,f them, whwaatsd onfeo Arf riinc a1 938W.r iteornst he West Indiesr eallatwthaeey mts o th eiarp proximtaot ion BritaFirna,n cSep,a iann dA mericthaa,ti st os ayt,o Westecrni vilizationne.v eirnr elatitoothn e ir owhni story. This is heraet tempftoethrde msttim e. C.L .R .JAMES ) PREFACTEO T HE FmSTE DITION IN 178t9he F rencWhe stI ndicaonl oonfyS anD omingo supplitewdo -thoifrt dhseo versteraasd oefF rancaen d wast hger eatiensdti vimdauraklfe otthr e E uropesalna ve tradeI.tw asa ni ntegpraarlot f t hee conomliicfo ef the ageth,e greatceoslto innyth e worlthde, p ridoefF rance, andt hee nvoyf e veroyth eri mperinaaltiisTothn .ew hole structurrees toendt hel abooufrh alf-a-msillalvieosn. InA ugus1t7 9a1f,tte wro y earosft heF rencRhe vo lutioann di trse percusisnSi aonDn osm ingthoe, s lavrees volteTdh.es truggllaes tfeodr1 2y earTsh.e s lavdees featiendturn the locawlh iteasn dth e soldioefrt sh e Frencmho narcah Syp,a niisnhv iaosna, B riteixsphe dition ofs ome6 0,0m0en0,a nda Frencehx pediotfis oinm ilar sizuen deBro naparbtreo'tsh er-iTnh-edl eafwe.oa ftB ona parteex'pse diitino1 n8 0r3e sulitneth de establisohfm ent theN egro sotfHa atiewt hii chha sl astteothd i sd ay. Ther evoilstht e onlsyu ccessslfauvrlee voilnht i s torayn,d t heo ddist h adt oo vercoimsee v idenocfte h e magnitoufdte h ei ntertheasttw se rien volvTehdet. r ans formatoifso lna vterse,m bliinhn ugn drebdesf oar sei ngle whitmea n,i ntao p eopalbel teo o rgantihseem selavneds defetahte m ospto werfuElu ropenaant ioonfts h ediary , iso neo ft heg reaetp icosfr evolutiosntarruyg agnlde achievemWehnyt a.n dh owth ish appenise dt het heme oft hibso ok. By a phenomenoofnt eonb servtehde,i ndividual leadersrheispp onsfiobrthl ies u niquaec hievemweanst almosetn tirtehleyw orko fa singmlaen -Toussaint L'OuverBteuaruec.h aimntp h Bei ograUpnhiivee rcsaelllles PREAPC ET O THEF IRSETD ITION Preftatoch Feei r Esdti tion xi ToussaLi'nOuvte rtureo neof them ostr emarkambenl ofe theseon their environamteo nnteo fth oser are moments ap eririocdh in remaarbklmee nH.e d ominafrtome dhis whens ociiesaty t b oilipnogi annt dth erefflouried . The analysiisths e scieanncdeth ed emonstrathtei on entry untilc ircumstarnecmeso vhime d fromth e scene. art whichi sh istoTrhyevi. o lecnotnfl icotfos u r aegneab le Theh istoofrth ye SanD omingroe voluwiltilo thne refore our practivseids itoosn e 'ein tthoe verbyo neosfp revious largelybe a recoorfdh iasc hievemeanntdhs is p olitical revolutmioorneesa silthya nh eretoYfeotrf eoth.r a tv ery personaThlei wrtyi.t erb elieanvde sis, c onfidenthte nar reasiotni sim pOSSitbolr ee colhliesctto reimcoatli oinns rativwilel provthea,t b etwe1e7n8 9a nd1 815w.i thth e thattr anqiluiltwyh icahg reEantg lish twroinota errr,o wly, single exocfeB potinoanp ahritmes enlofs ,i ngfilgeu re associwaittephdo etrayl one. appearoenthd e historisctaalgm eo rgree atlgiyf tedth an Tranquillittyo -daiyse itheri nna(tteh peh ilisotri ne) thisN egroa. s latilvleh ew as4 5.Y etT oussadiindnt ot tob ea cquiorneldby y a d elibedroaptieon fg thpee rson. maket her evolutiIto wna.s the revoluthatito nm ade aliIty.tw asi nth es tillnofe as sse assiudbeu trhba cto uld ToussaAnidn te.v enth ati sn othet wholtrueth . be hearmdo stc learanldy i nsistethnetl yb oominogf Thewri tinogf h istbeocryo meevse rm oredif ficulThte. Francoh'esa vartilyl ery, ther attleS talin'osf firinsgq uads powerof Godo rth ew eakneosfms an ,Chri stianityo rth e andthe fiercsehil rltu rmooilfth er evolutimoonvaerym ent divirnieg ohftk intgsog ovewrnr oncagn. easibel mya de strivfionclrga riatyn di nfluencSeu.c ish om agea ndth is responfsoithbrel d eo wnfofa lslt ataensdth e birothf n ew booikso fi tw,i th sometohfthi enf ge vaenrd th ef reNto.r societiSeusc.he lementcoanrcye ptiolnesn thde mselves doethse wrirteegrrit e.Tht e booiksth eh istoofrya r evo willintgloyn arrativtree atmenantd fromT acittuoMs a lutioann dw rittuennd edri fferceinrtc umstiatwn ocuelsd caulfaryo,Tm h ucydidteoGs r eethne,t raditionfaalmloyu s havbeee na deifrfebntu tn onte cessaa breittleybr o ok. historhiaavbnees e mno raer tthiasnts cientithsety:w rote so elble cauthseeys aws ol itTtlo-e.d ayb ya n aturarle � c.L .R .J AMES actiowne t entdo a personificaotifoth ne socifaolr ces, gremate nb einmge reolryn earilnys trumenint thse h ansd ofe conomdiecs tiAsn ys.oo ftethne tru thd oenso tl iine betweeGnr.e amte n mahkies tobruyto. n lsyu chhi story asi ist possifbothlree m t om akeT.h eifrre edoomfa chieve menits l imibtyeth de necessiotifthe esi ern vironmTeon t. portratyh el imiotfths o sen ecessaintidet sh er ealisation, compleotrep artialo,f al lp ossibilthaitti ise tsh,true e busi nesofs th eh istorian. In ar evolutiownh,e nth ece aselselsosaw c cumulation of centurbimessts i ntvoo lcaenruipct itohnme,e teoHrairces and flighatbsov ea raem eaninglcehsasoa sn dl entdh em selvteosi nfinite caapnrdir comea nticiusnlme sthes ob servseereth se ma lwaayssp rojecotifoth ness ub-sfromo il whicthhey cameThe. writerh asso ughnOtt o nltoy an alyse, but to demino nthsetraimtrove em ent,th ee conomifco rces ofth e ageth;e imro uldiofn sgo ciaentyd p olitics,o fm en in themas s andindi vidual men;th epo werful reaction of CONTENTS PREF ACE TO THE VINTAGE EDITION vii PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION ix: PROLOGUE 3 I.T heP roperty 6 II. The Owners 27 III. Parliameantnd Property 62 IV. The SDaonm ingMoa sseBse gin 85 V. Andt heP ariMsa sseCso mplete u8 VI.T heR isoef T oussaint 145 VII. TheM ulattToreysa ndF ail 163 VIII.T heW hitSel ave-OwAngearisn 174 IX.T heE xpulsoifot nh eB ritish 199 X. ToussaSienitz tehseP ower 224 XI.T heB lackC onsul 241 XII. TheB ourgeoPisrieep arteoRs e store Slavery 269 XIII.T heW aro fI ndependence 289 BmLIOGRAPHY 379 APPENDIX: FromT oussaint L'OtuoFv iedretlu re Castro 391 INDEX 419 PROLOGUE CHRISTOPHCEORL UMBUSl andfierds int t heN ewW orladt the islaonfSd a nS alvadaonrda, f ter prGaoides niqnugi red urgentfloygr o ldT.h en ativReesdI, n diawnesr,ep eace ablaen df rienadnlddy i rechtiemdt oH aitai l,a rgisel and (nearalsly a ragseI relanrdi)cth,he ,y s aiidn,t hey ellow metaHle.s ailteoHd a itiO.n eo fh issh ipbse inwgr ecked, theH aitiIannd iahnesl pheidm s o willtihnavgtel ryly i ttle wasl osatn do fth e articlwehsi cthhe yb rougohnts hore nootn ew ass tolen. TheS paniatrhdemso ,s atd vancEeudr opeoafnt sh eir 4 THEB LACK]A COBNIS Prologue 5 daya,n nextheed i slacnadl,l ite Hdi spanioalnadt. oo kt he mingaon dm ovedthe re.T o draiwvaey th esep ersistent backwanradti veusnd ethre iprr otecThteyi oni.n troduced intrudtheer Ssp aniarodrsg anisgerde ahatu natn dk illed Christianiftoyr.c leadb oinu rm inemsu.r derra,p eb,l ood altlh eb ultlhse cyo ulfidn di no rdetror uitnh cea ttblues i houndsstr,a ngdei seaasnedsa .r tififciaamli n(eb yt hed e nessT.h eF rencrhe talibaytth eed c ultivatofic oonc oa; structioonf c ultivatiosnt atrtovh eere bellioTuhse)sa.en d theni ndiagnodc ottAolnr.e athdeyy k newt hes ugar-cane. otherr equiremoeftn htse h ighceirvili satiorne ducethde Lackicnagp itthale rya idtheed E ngliisshl aonfJd a maica nativpeo pulafrtioomna ne stimahtaledf -a-mipleIrihoanp,s ands tomloen eayn dz ,ooo NegrForeesn.cB hr,i tainsdh a millioton 6.0 ,0i0n1 05y ears. Spaniarradisd eadn dc ounter-raanidbd eurndt tot he LasC asaasD .o minipcarine swti tha c onscientracev, groundb,u int 16gth5eT reaotyf R yswibcektw eeFnr ance elledt oS paiton p leafdo thre abolioftio nna tivsel avery. andS paigna vthee F renacl he grailg thotth ew esteprna rt Butwi thoucto ercioofnth e nativheso wco uldth e colony ofth ei slaInn d1.7 3th4ec olonbiesgtastn oc ulticvoaffteee . existA?l lt hen ativesr eceiavsew da gewsa sChristia nity Thel anwda sf ertilFer,a ncoeff eread g oodm arkeBtu.t andth eyco uldbe gooChristida ns withoutw orkining the theyw antelda bouIrna. d ditionN egtroo etsh,eb yr ought mines. whitetsh,ee ngawgheows o,u lbde f reeadf taep re rioofd The Spanish Govecornmmepnrto misIetda .b olished yearSso.li ttldied theyb rinthge Negrobeesc ause these ther epartimoirfe onrctleoadsb o,inu rl,a ww hilieta sg ents wereb arbaroorub sl acthka,t t hee arllya wpsr escribed in thec olomnayi ntaiintine fda cLta.s C asahsa.u ntaetd similar regulaftioobrno st bhl acks lavaensdw hitee ngages. the prospoefcs te eibnegf ohisr ee yethse totdale struction Butu ndetrh er egimeonf t hosdea ythse whitceosu ld not ofa p opulawittihoinon n e generhaitont i thoene ,x pedient stanthde climaStoet .h es lavberrosu gmhotr ea ndm ore ofi mportithneg m orer obuNsetg rofreosm a populous Negroeins n,u mbethrast l eapbtyt housaenvdesr yyear , Africa;in 15,1C 7harleVs.a uthorithseee dx poortf 1 5,000 until thed raifnr oAmf ricraa inn tmoi llions. slavteoSs a nD omingaon,dth usp rieasntdK inlga unched onth ew orlthde A mericasnl ave-atrnadds el avery. The Spanisseht tlefmoeunntd bedyC olumbwuass onth e south-eoafsth te islaInnd1 .6 2s9o mew andering Frenchmseonu gah hto mein thel ititlsel aonfdT ortuga, sixm ileosfft hneo rthc oaosftS anD omingtoob, e f ollowed byE nglishamnednD ,u tchmferno Sma ntCar uzT.o rtuga wash ealtahnydi nth e foreosftw se steSrann D ominog roamemdil ilonosfwil d cattlweh iccho ulbde h untefdo r fooad ndh ideTso.T ortugac amefu gitivefrso m justice, escapegda lley-sdleabvteousrsn. a blteop ayt heibri lls, adventurers seekoirnqg U iacfdkov rteunntmeuesrn,oe f al l crimesa nda lnla tionalFirtieenscB.hri ,ti sahn dS paniards slaughtoenreae ndo thefro nre alry3 0y earasn,dth eB ritish weraec tuainl ploys sesosfiT oonr tuagtoa n eti me,b utby 165th9e Frencbhu ccaneeprrse vaiTlheedy.s oughtth e suzeraoifnF tyr ancaen dd emandead c hieafn ds ome womenF.r omT ortugtah elya iad firm basiins S anD o- The Property 1 the slavter affithce, A fricsalna vienA meriwcaa sh appier thani nh iosw nA fricacni vilisOautristo,on o.i, sa na ge of propaganWdea e.x ceolu ra ncestoonrlsiy n s ysteamn d organisatthieolyni :ea ds fl uentalnyda sb razenIlnyt .h e sixteecnetnht uCreyn,t rAaflr iwcaas a terriotfop reyae c andh appyc ivilis1a Ttiroand.e trrsa veltlheodu sanodfs milefsr omo nes idoef t hec ontinteona tn othweirt hout molestatTjhoetn .r ibwaalr sf romw hicthh eE uropean piractleasi mteodd e livthepere opwleer mee rseh am-fights; itw asa greabta ttwlhee nh alf-a-dmoeznwe enr ek illed. Itw aso na peasanitnrm ya nyr espescutpse rtiootr h e serfisnl argaer eaosf E uropteh,a tth es lave-tfrealdle. Triblailfw ea sb rokuenpa ndm illioofdn est ribaAlfirsied canwse rlee lto ouspeo ena coht heTrh.eu nceasdiensgt ruc tioonfc roplse td oc annibatlhiscema p;t iwvoem enb ecame concubiannedds e gradtehdes tatoufts h wei feT.r ibes had tos upplsyl avoersb es olads sltahveemss elVvieosl.e nce andf erocity btehcean meec essities faonrd vi sourvival, lencaen df erOCsiutryv iveTdh.es2 t ockaodfeg sr inning skultlhseh, u mans acrificthees s,e lloifnth ge irow nc hil drena ss lavtehse,s heo rrowresr et hep roduocfta ni n 1 tolerable opnrt ehseAs furriec paeno plwehsi,c bhe came fierctherro ugthh ec enturiaests h ed emandosfi ndustry TheP roperty increaasnedtd h mee thoodfsc oercwieornpe e rfected. Thes lavweesr ceo llecitnte hdei nterfiaosrt,e onneed toth e otheri nc olumnlso,a dewdi thhe avsyt onoefs4 0 or5 0p oundisn weigphrte vteoan ttt empattes s cape, and themna rchetdh el ong journtehyes etaso,o metihmuens dredsm iolfe tsh,ew eakyla nds icdkr oppitnog diinte h e THE SLAVERsSc ourtehdec oasotfsG uineAas.t hedye vas Africjaunn glSeo.m e webrreo ugthott hec oasbtyc anoe. tateadna retah emyo vewde stwaarnddt hesno utdhe,c ade lyinignt heb ottoomfb oatfso rd ayosn e ndt,h eihran ds aftdeerc adpea,s tth eN igedro,w nt heC ongcoo aspta,s t boundt,h eifra ceesx posteodt het ropiscuanla ndt he Loangaon dA ngolrao,u ntdh eC apeo fG oodH opea,n d, tropicraali nth,e ibra ckisn t hew atewrh icwha sn ever by1 789e-veans f aars M ozambiqounte h ee astesrindo ef bailoedu tA.t t hes lavpeo rttsh eyw erep enneidn to AfricGau.i nerae maintehde cihri ef hugnrtoiunnFgdr .o m "trunkfso"rth e inspecotfito hneb uyerNsi.g hatn dd ay thec oastth eoyr ganiesxepde ditfiaorin nst toh ei nterior. 1S eet hew orkosf P rofesEsmoirlT o rd,ao yneo ft hgree atest Theys etth es imptlrei besfimgehnti nagg ainesatc ohth er Africasnc holoafrh si ts impea,r ticulaa rlleyc dteuUrvee raetd witmho derwne apoonvs ethro usanodfss quamriel eTsh.e Genevian 1 931t oa s ocieftoyrt heP rotecotifoC nh ildriDe n Africa. propaganodfit shtets i mcel aimtehda hto wevcerru ewla s :IS ee ProfesTsorodra lye'cst muerneti onaebd ove.