The Birth of String Theory PDF
Preview The Birth of String Theory
THE BIRTH OF STRING THEORY Stringtheoryiscurrentlythebestcandidateforaunifiedtheoryofallforcesandallforms ofmatterinnature.Assuch,ithasbecomeafocalpointforphysicalandphilosophicaldis- cussions.Thisuniquebookexploresthehistoryofthetheory’searlystagesofdevelopment, astoldbyitsmainprotagonists. The book journeys from the first version of the theory (the so-called Dual Resonance Model)inthelate1960s,asanattempttodescribethephysicsofstronginteractionsoutside the framework of quantum field theory, to its reinterpretation around the mid-1970s as a quantum theory of gravity unified with the other forces, and its successive developments up to the superstring revolution in 1984. Providing important background information to currentdebatesonthetheory,thisbookisessentialreadingforstudentsandresearchersin physics,aswellasforhistoriansandphilosophersofscience. andrea cappelli isaDirectorofResearchattheIstitutoNazionalediFisicaNucleare, Florence. His research in theoretical physics deals with exact solutions of quantum field theoryinlowdimensionsandtheirapplicationtocondensedmatterandstatisticalphysics. elena castellani is an Associate Professor at the Department of Philosophy, Uni- versityofFlorence.Herresearchworkhasfocussedonsuchissuesassymmetry,physical objects,reductionismandemergence,structuralismandrealism. filippo colomo isaResearcherattheIstitutoNazionalediFisicaNucleare,Florence. His research interests lie in integrable models in statistical mechanics and quantum field theory. paolo di vecchia is a Professor of Theoretical Physics at Nordita, Stockholm, and at the Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen. He has worked on several aspects of theoretical particlephysics,andhascontributedtothedevelopmentofstringtheorysinceitsbirthin 1968. THE BIRTH OF STRING THEORY Editedby ANDREA CAPPELLI INFN,Florence ELENA CASTELLANI DepartmentofPhilosophy,UniversityofFlorence FILIPPO COLOMO INFN,Florence PAOLO DI VECCHIA Nordita,StockholmandNielsBohrInstitute,Copenhagen cambridge university press Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown, Singapore,Sa˜oPaulo,Delhi,MexicoCity CambridgeUniversityPress TheEdinburghBuilding,CambridgeCB28RU,UK PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9780521197908 (cid:1)C CambridgeUniversityPress2012 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2012 PrintedintheUnitedKingdomattheUniversityPress,Cambridge AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloguinginPublicationdata Thebirthofstringtheory/editedbyAndreaCappelli,INFN,Florence;ElenaCastellani, DepartmentofPhilosophy,UniversityofFlorence;FilippoColomo,INFN,Florence; PaoloDiVecchia,NielsBohrInstitute,CopenhagenandNordita,Stockholm. p. cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-0-521-19790-8 1.Stringmodels. 2.Duality(Nuclearphysics) I.Cappelli,Andrea,editorofcompilation. II.Castellani,Elena,1959–editorofcompilation. III.Colomo,F.,editorofcompilation. IV.DiVecchia,P.(Paolo),editorofcompilation. QC794.6.S85B57 2012 539.7(cid:2)258–dc23 2011052388 ISBN978-0-521-19790-8Hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceor accuracyofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredto inthispublication,anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuch websitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. Contents Listofcontributors pagex Photographsofcontributors xiv Preface xxi Abbreviationsandacronyms xxiv PartI Overview 1 1 Introductionandsynopsis 3 2 Riseandfallofthehadronicstring 17 gabriele veneziano 3 Gravity,unification,andthesuperstring 37 john h. schwarz 4 Earlystringtheoryasachallengingcasestudyforphilosophers 63 elena castellani EARLY STRING THEORY PartII Theprehistory:theanalytic S-matrix 81 5 IntroductiontoPartII 83 5.1 Introduction 83 5.2 Perturbativequantumfieldtheory 84 5.3 Thehadronspectrum 88 5.4 S-matrixtheory 91 5.5 TheVenezianoamplitude 97 6 ParticletheoryintheSixties:fromcurrentalgebratotheVeneziano amplitude 100 marco ademollo 7 ThepathtotheVenezianomodel 116 hector r. rubinstein v vi Contents 8 Two-componentdualityandstrings 122 peter g.o. freund 9 Noteontheprehistoryofstringtheory 129 murray gell-mann PartIII TheDualResonanceModel 133 10 IntroductiontoPartIII 135 10.1 Introduction 135 10.2 N-pointdualscatteringamplitudes 137 10.3 Conformalsymmetry 145 10.4 Operatorformalism 147 10.5 Physicalstates 150 10.6 Thetachyon 153 11 FromtheS-matrixtostringtheory 156 paolo di vecchia 12 Reminiscenceonthebirthofstringtheory 179 joel a. shapiro 13 Personalrecollections 191 daniele amati 14 EarlystringtheoryatFermilabandRutgers 193 louis clavelli 15 Dualamplitudesinhigherdimensions:apersonalview 198 claud lovelace 16 Personalrecollectionsondualmodels 202 renato musto 17 Rememberingthe‘supergroup’collaboration 208 francesco nicodemi 18 The‘3-Reggeonvertex’ 214 stefano sciuto PartIV Thestring 219 19 IntroductiontoPartIV 221 19.1 Introduction 221 19.2 Thevibratingstring 223 19.3 Therotatingrod 226 19.4 Therelativisticpointparticle 228 Contents vii 19.5 Thestringaction 230 19.6 Thequantumtheoryofthestring 231 20 Fromdualmodelstorelativisticstrings 236 peter goddard 21 Thefirststringtheory:personalrecollections 262 leonard susskind 22 ThestringpictureoftheVenezianomodel 266 holger b. nielsen 23 FromtheS-matrixtostringtheory 275 yoichiro nambu 24 Theanaloguemodelforstringamplitudes 283 david b. fairlie 25 Factorizationindualmodelsandfunctionalintegrationinstringtheory 294 stanley mandelstam 26 Thehadronicoriginsofstringtheory 312 richard c. brower TOWARDS MODERN STRING THEORY PartV Beyondthebosonicstring 329 27 IntroductiontoPartV 331 27.1 Introduction 331 27.2 Chan–Patonfactors 333 27.3 TheLovelace–Shapiroamplitude 334 27.4 TheRamondmodel 335 27.5 TheNeveu–Schwarzmodel 338 27.6 TheRamond–Neveu–Schwarzmodel 339 27.7 World-sheetsupersymmetry 341 27.8 AffineLiealgebras 344 28 Fromdualfermiontosuperstring 346 david i. olive 29 Dualmodelwithfermions:memoirsofanearlystringtheorist 361 pierre ramond 30 Personalrecollections 373 andre´ neveu 31 Aspectsoffermionicdualmodels 378 edward corrigan viii Contents 32 Thedualquarkmodels 393 korkut bardakci and martin b. halpern 33 Rememberingthedawnofrelativisticstrings 407 jean-loup gervais 34 EarlystringtheoryinCambridge:personalrecollections 414 claus montonen PartVI Thesuperstring 419 35 IntroductiontoPartVI 421 35.1 Introduction 421 35.2 Thefieldtheorylimit 423 35.3 Unificationofallinteractions 427 35.4 TheQCDstring 431 35.5 Adetouronspinors 433 35.6 Spacetimesupersymmetry 434 35.7 TheGSOprojection 437 35.8 TheKaluza–Kleinreductionandsupersymmetrybreaking 439 35.9 Thelocalsupersymmetricactionforthesuperstring 442 35.10 Supergravity 444 36 Supersymmetryinstringtheory 447 ferdinando gliozzi 37 Gravityfromstrings:personalreminiscencesofearlydevelopments 459 tamiaki yoneya 38 FromtheNambu–Gotototheσ-modelaction 474 lars brink 39 Locallysupersymmetricactionforthesuperstring 484 paolo di vecchia 40 Personalrecollections 490 euge`ne cremmer 41 ThescientificcontributionsofJoe¨lScherk 496 john h. schwarz PartVII Preparingthestringrenaissance 509 42 IntroductiontoPartVII 511 42.1 Introduction 511 42.2 Supergravityunificationofallinteractions 512 42.3 Anovellight-coneformalism 514 42.4 Moderncovariantquantization 518 Contents ix 42.5 Anomalycancellation 521 42.6 Anewerastartsor,maybebetter,continues 525 43 Fromstringstosuperstrings:apersonalperspective 527 michael b. green 44 Quarks,stringsandbeyond 544 alexander m. polyakov 45 Theriseofsuperstringtheory 552 andrea cappelli and filippo colomo AppendixA TheoreticaltoolsoftheSixties 569 AppendixB TheVenezianoamplitude 579 AppendixC FromthestringactiontotheDualResonanceModel 586 AppendixD World-sheetandtarget-spacesupersymmetry 604 AppendixE Thefieldtheorylimit 620 Index 626 Contributors MarcoAdemollo DipartimentodiFisica,Universita` diFirenze,andINFN,SezionediFirenze, ViaG.Sansone1,50019SestoFiorentino(FI),Italy DanieleAmati SISSA,Trieste,andINFN,SezionediTrieste,viaBonomea265,34136Trieste,Italy KorkutBardakci DepartmentofPhysics,UniversityofCalifornia,andTheoreticalPhysicsGroup, LawrenceBerkeleyNationalLaboratory,UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,CA94720, USA LarsBrink DepartmentofFundamentalPhysics,ChalmersUniversityofTechnology, S-41296Go¨teborg,Sweden RichardC.Brower PhysicsDepartment,BostonUniversity,590CommonwealthAvenue,Boston,MA02215, USA AndreaCappelli INFN,SezionediFirenze,ViaG.Sansone1,50019SestoFiorentino(FI),Italy ElenaCastellani DipartimentodiFilosofia,Universita` diFirenze,ViaBolognese52,50139Firenze,Italy LouisClavelli DepartmentofPhysicsandAstronomy,UniversityofAlabama,Tuscaloosa,AL 35487-0324,USA x
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