The Birth of Fascist Ideology: From Cultural Rebellion to Political Revolution PDF
Preview The Birth of Fascist Ideology: From Cultural Rebellion to Political Revolution
THE BIRTH OF FASCIST IDEOLOGY This page intentionally left blank Zeev Sternhell with Mario Sznajder and Maia Asheri THE BIRTH OF FASCIST IDEOLOGY FROM CULTURAL REBELLION TO POLITICAL REVOLUTION TranslatedbyDavidMaisel PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY Copyright1994byPrincetonUniversityPress TranslatedfromZeevSternhell,withMarioSznajderandMaiaAsheri, Naissancedel’idéologiefasciste.Copyright1989 LibrairieArthèmeFayard,Paris PublishedbyPrincetonUniversityPress,41WilliamStreet, Princeton,NewJersey08540 IntheUnitedKingdom:PrincetonUniversityPress,Chichester, WestSussex AllRightsReserved LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Sternhell,Zeev. [Naissancedel’idéologiefasciste.English] Thebirthoffascistideology:fromculturalrebellionto politicalrevolution/ZeevSternhell,withMarioSznajderand MaiaAsheri:translatedbyDavidMaisel. p. cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN0-691-03289-0 ISBN0-691-04486-4(pbk.) 1.Fascism—Europe—History. I.Sznajder,Mario. II.Asheri,Maia. III.Title. D726.5.S7413 1994 320.5′33′094—dc20 93-17629 CIP ThisbookhasbeencomposedinBitstreamCaledonia PrincetonUniversityPressbooksareprinted onacid-freepaperandmeettheguidelinesfor permanenceanddurabilityoftheCommittee onProductionGuidelinesforBookLongevity oftheCouncilonLibraryResources Thirdprinting,andfirstpaperbackprinting,1995 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 To the memory of Jacob L. Talmon This page intentionally left blank Contents Acknowledgments ix Introduction FascismasanAlternativePoliticalCulture 3 ChapterOne GeorgesSorelandtheAntimaterialistRevisionofMarxism 36 TheFoundationsofthe“Correction”ofMarxism 36 AntirationalismandActivism:TheSocialMyths 55 Anti-CartesianismandPessimism 71 TheJunctionofSorelianismandNationalism 78 ChapterTwo Revolutionary RevisionisminFrance 92 The“NewSchool” 92 AppliedSorelianism 99 TheEmergenceofSocialistNationalism 118 ChapterThree Revolutionary SyndicalisminItaly 131 TwentyYears:1902–1922 131 ThePrimacyofEconomicsandtheRevisionofMarxist EconomicDoctrine 143 Sorel,theMobilizingMythoftheRevolutionaryGeneralStrike, andtheLessonsofReality 152 ChapterFour TheSocialist-NationalSynthesis 160 TheMythoftheRevolutionaryWar 160 FromtheLibyanWartotheInterventionism oftheLeft: TheImperialismoftheWorkers,theSyndicate, andtheNation 163 NationalSyndicalism,theProductionistSolution,andthe ProgramofPartialExpropriation 177 FromtheCartadelCarnarotoFascistSyndicalism 186 ChapterFive TheMussoliniCrossroads:FromtheCritiqueofMarxismto NationalSocialismandFascism 195 WithintheOrbitofRevolutionarySyndicalism 195 viii CONTENTS TheIntellectualRealignmentofaSocialistMilitant 206 NationalSocialism 215 TheStateandDictatorship:FromNationalSocialismtoFascism 227 Epilogue FromaCulturalRebelliontoaPoliticalRevolution 233 Notes 259 Bibliography 315 Index 327 Acknowledgments THIS WORK is an expanded and improved version of a book published in Francein1989andrepresentstheresultsofaninquirybegunseveralyears ago. It is also some time since several Ph.D. students in the history and politicalsciencedepartmentsoftheHebrewUniversityinJerusalem,whose workIhadtheprivilegeofsupervising,begantointerestthemselvesinthe growth of Fascistideology. Insodoing,some ofthese young scholars came toinvestigate certain pathsIhadindicatedinpreviousworks.Thisapplied particularlytotheprocessoftransitionoftheLefttowardfascism. Someofthesestudieshavenowcometofruition.Twoofthemhavebeen incorporated into this book, to which each brings its own contribution. Chapters3and4arebyMarioSznajder,aspecialistinItalianrevolutionary syndicalism.Onlyaconcernforpresentationandadesiretoofferthereader an integrated text caused metorevisetheir structure. Mostof thematerial that enabled me to writeChapter5 wasprovided by MaiaAsheri, who has completed a study of early Italian fascism. Thus, many of the qualities this workmaypossesscanbeascribedtomycollaborators,butsincetheintellec- tual responsibility for the book and its general conception is mine, I am preparedtotaketheblameforitsweaknesses. Asinallsuchcasesinthelasteighteenyears,thisbookhasbenefitedfrom the assistance of Georges Bensimhon. Whether it is a matter of essential problems or of the French language, Georges Benshimon has allowed no omission, no obscurity to pass him by. My gratitude toward this friend far exceedsanythingIamabletoexpressinthesefewlines. Theinitialideaforthisbooktookshapeinmymindin1983–1984, when I was a member of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. The book progressed at Columbia University, where I spent profit- ablemonthsinthesummerof1986,andtwoyearslater,thankstoaninvita- tionfromtheFrenchgovernment,Ienjoyedanespeciallyrewardingperiod of work in Paris. The main part of the work, however, was carried out in 1986–1987 at the Institutefor Advanced Studiesat the HebrewUniversity ofJerusalem.Myacknowledgmentsareduetoitsdirector,MenachemYaari, and to the whole administrative staff headed by Shabtai Gairon and Bilha Gus. The invitation to pass a year in this center of research relieved me of myteachingresponsibilitiesandallowedmetodevotemyselfentirelytothe preparation of this book. Our seminar of multidisciplinary research, in which Amatzia Baram, SanaHassan, Menachem Friedman, George Mosse, Emmanuel Sivan, Michael Walzer, and Jay Winter in particular took part, wasasourceofgreatenrichmentforme.Asanassistanttothisgroup,Anat
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