The Birth of a Legal Institution: The Formation of the Waqf in Third-Century A.H. Hanafi Legal Discourse (Studies in Islamic Law and Society) (Studies in Islamic Law and Society)

266 Pages·2003·1.22 MB·English

by  Peter C. Hennigan

THE BIRTH OF A LEGAL INSTITUTION
SILS-18-henn.qxd 19/09/2003 13:23 Page ii
STUDIES
IN ISLAMIC LAW
AND SOCIETY
edited by
Ruud Peters and Bernard Weiss
volume
18
SILS-18-henn.qxd 19/09/2003 13:23 Page iii
THE BIRTH OF A LEGAL INSTITUTION
The Formation of the Waqf in Third-Century
A.H. \anafÊ Legal Discourse
BY
PETER C. HENNIGAN
BRILL
LEIDEN •BOSTON
2004
SILS-18-henn.qxd 19/09/2003 13:23 Page iv
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Hennigan, Peter C., 1970-
The birth of a legal institution : the formation of the waqf in third-century A.H. Hanafi
legal discourse / by Peter C. Hennigan.
p. cm. — (Studies in Islamic law and society ; v. 18)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 90-04-13029-2
1. Waqf—History—To 1500. 2. Hanafites. I. Title. II. Series.
KBP637.H46 2003
346’064—dc21
2003052329
ISSN 1384–1130
ISBN 90 04 13029 2
© Copyright 2004 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written
permission from the publisher.
Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal
use is granted by Brill provided that
the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright
Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910
Danvers, MA01923, USA.
Fees are subject to change.
printed in the netherlands
hennigan_f1-v-xxiv 9/16/03 4:19 PM Page v
v
For Linda
This page intentionally left blank
hennigan_f1-v-xxiv 9/16/03 4:19 PM Page vii
vii
CONTENTS
List of Diagrams ........................................................................ ix
Abbreviations .............................................................................. xi
Introduction ................................................................................ xiii
Chapter One: The Biographies of Hilàl al-Ra"y
and al-Khaßßàf ........................................................................ 1
Chapter Two: The Waqf Treatises and Third-Century
A.H. Óanafì discourse .......................................................... 15
I. The Two Treatises ........................................................ 15
II. Literary Conventions in Óanafì Legal Discourse ........ 20
III. Legal Argumentation in Óanafì Legal Discourse ........ 31
IV. Differences Between the Two Treatises ...................... 42
Chapter Three: Giving Legal Definition to the Waqf ............ 50
I. The Near Eastern Milieu of Trust Law Before
the Waqf ...................................................................... 50
II. Imposing Terminological Order .................................... 70
III. Defining the Waqf in Relation to Bequests and
Inheritances ................................................................ 92
Chapter Four: Hermeneutical Legitimation ............................ 107
I. The Maxims of the Prophet ........................................ 110
The Taßaddaqa Maxim .................................................... 114
The Sabbala Maxim ........................................................ 130
The Thamgh Variants .................................................. 143
The Taßaddaqa Cluster ................................................ 143
The Sabbala Cluster .................................................... 147
The Hybrid Cluster .................................................... 149
Preliminary Conclusions ................................................ 151
II. The Íadaqa Deed of 'Umar .......................................... 157
III. The Íadaqas of the Prophet .......................................... 169
IV. The Establishment of Legitimacy .................................. 178
Conclusion .................................................................................. 187
hennigan_f1-v-xxiv 9/16/03 4:19 PM Page viii
viii 
Appendix A: Table of Contents to the A˙kàm al-Waqf of
Hilàl al-Ra"y .......................................................................... 191
Appendix B: Table of Contents to the A˙kàm al-Awqàf of
al-Khaßßàf .............................................................................. 195
Appendix C: Translation of an Early Íadaqa/Óubs Deed .... 203
Appendix D: Additional Terminological Clarifications in the
Waqf Treatises ...................................................................... 208
Bibliography .............................................................................. 215
Index .......................................................................................... 233
hennigan_f1-v-xxiv 9/16/03 4:19 PM Page ix
ix
LIST OF DIAGRAMS
Diagram One The taßaddaqa ˙adìths .................................. foldout
Diagram Two The taßaddaqa ˙adìths, with a focus on cl,
pcl, and ipcl lines of transmission ............ 127
Diagram Three The sabbala ˙adìths ...................................... 133
Diagram Four The sabbala ˙adìths, with a focus on
Sufyànb.'Uyaynaasthecommonlink ...... 137
Diagram Five Thamgh Variant 1: The Taßaddaqa
Cluster .......................................................... 145
Diagram Six ThamghVariant2:TheSabbalaCluster .... 148
Diagram Seven ThamghVariant3:TheHybridCluster .... 152