The Biology of Glycoproteins

458 Pages·1984·9.2 MB·English

by  Karen A. Knudsen, Raymond J. Ivatt (eds.)

The Biology of
Glycoproteins
The Biology o(
Glyc opro teins
Edited by
Raymond J. Ivatt
M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute
University of Texas System Cancer Center
Houston, Texas
Plenum Press • New York and London
Ubrary 01 Congress C8ta1oging in Publicatlon Oata
Main 8fltry under litle:
The Biology of glycoproteins.
Includes bibliographlcal references.
1. Glycoproteins-Physlologlcal eflect. 2 . Cell interaclion. I. Ivatl, Raymond J .
OP552.G59B57 1984 574. 19' 245 84-8321
ISBN 978-1-468+7466-4 ISBN 978-1-468+70464-0 <ooBookl
001 1 0. 1 0071978- 1 ~7464-0
@1984PlenumPress.NewYork
Softcover reprint 01 the hardcover 1st edition 1984
A Division 01 Plenum Publlshlng Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013
,., rights reserved
No part cA this book may be repfoduced, stored in a rehieval system , or transmitted
In any form or by My means, electronlc, mechanical, photocopying. mlcrolilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
Contrib u tors
Clayton A. Buck • The Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Phil-
adelphia, Pennsylvania
Caroline H. Damsky • The Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Michiko N. Fukuda • Cancer Research Center, La Jolla Cancer Re-
search Foundation, La Jolla, California
Minoru Fukuda • Cancer Research Center, La Jolla Cancer Research
Foundation, La Jolla, California
Ellen J. Henderson • Department of Biology, Georgetown Univer-
sity, Washington, D.C.
A. Tyl Hewitt • Wynn Center for the Study of Retinal Degenerations,
The Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, The Johns Hopkins Hospi-
tal, Baltimore, Maryland
Raymond J. Ivatt • Department of Tumor Biology, University of
Texas, M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute at Houston,
Houston, Texas
Paul T. Kelly • Division of Biology, Kansas State U niversity, Man-
hattan, Kansas
Karen A. Knudsen • The Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
v
vi CONTRIBUTORS
George R. Martin • Laboratory of Developmental Biology and An-
omalies, National Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes
of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
Christopher L. Reading • The Department of Tumor Biology and the
Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The University of Texas, M.
D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute at Houston, Houston,
Texas
Preface
This book is in many ways a sequel to The Biochemistry ojGlycoproteins
and Proteoglycans. The enormous recent progress in understanding the
biological roles of glycoproteins has prompted the present volume. The
reasons for studying glycoproteins have multiplied, and in the present
volume the roles played by glycoproteins are explored in a variety of
biological situations. The first two chapters describe molecules involved
in cell-substratum and cell-cell interactions in a broad sense, and also
focus on recent progress in identifying specific attachment molecules. Our
understanding of how normal processes, such as cellular differentiation
and tissue organization, are regulated is dependent on understanding how
cells interact with the extracellular matrix. When these processes go awry
the consequences can be tragic, for example, when manifest as birth de-
fects and cancer. Our ability to devise appropriate therapies is in many
cases limited by our understanding of such cell-matrix interactions. The
third chapter explores the roles by glycoproteins during early mammalian
development. The carbohydrate portions c1early play very important roles
in presenting information during early embryogenesis, and an unusual
tumor stern cell, the embryonal carcinoma, looks very promising in pro-
viding an experimental system for understanding how the expression of
these complex carbohydrate determinants is regulated. The next three
chapters explore the biology of glycoproteins in distinct situations: in the
immune system, in the nervous system, and during erythropoiesis. Each
chapter presents a wealth of information regarding the programmed
expression of glycoproteins and emphasizes their functional involvement
in various biological processes. The last chapter describes the life cycle
of an unusual organism-the cellular slime mold, which can exist both
as a unicellular vegetative ameba and as a multicellular sporulating or-
vii
viii PREFACE
ganism-and summarizes the roles played by cell surface glycoproteins
in regulating the complex cellular interactions that occur during its life
cycle.
I have enjoyed interacting with these authors and have learned an
enormous amount from each of them. I thank them for the conscientious
efforts they have made to make their chapters concise, comprehensive,
and yet still very readable.
I would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge the debt I owe
to the following scientists from whom I have learned so much: Michael
Rosemeyer, Charles Gilvarg, Phillips Robbins, Richard Hynes, and Garth
Nicolson.
Raymond J. Ivatt
Contents
Chapter 1
Integral Membrane Glycoproteins in Ce/l-Ce/l and Cell-
Substratum Adhesion
Carotine H. Damsky, Karen A. Knudsen, and
Clayton A. Buck
1. Introduction ................................... . 1
2. Cell-Cell Adhesion .............................. . 2
2.1. Adhesion Glycoproteins Discovered Using Antibodies
to Perturb the Adhesion Process ................ . 4
2.2. Calcium and Cellular Aggregation ............... . 16
2.3. Summing Up Data on Cell-Cell Adhesion ......... . 21
3. Cell-Substratum Adhesion ........................ . 29
3.1. Introduction ................................ . 29
3.2. Cell Surface Receptors for Matrix Moleeules ....... . 36
3.3. Looking to the Future ........................ . 53
3.4. Relationships between Cell-Cell and Cell-Subtraction
Adhesion .................................. . 54
References 55
Chapter 2
Attachment Pro teins and Their Role in Extrace/lular
Matrices
A. Tyl Hewitt and George R. Martin
1. Composition and Structure of Extracellular Matrices . . . . .. 65
1.1. Collagen ................................... 66
ix
x CONTENTS
1.2. Proteoglycans ............................... 69
1.3. Glycoproteins ............................... 71
1.4. Specificity and Structure of Extracellular Matrices .... 76
2. Cell Interactions with Collagen ...................... 76
3. Role of Extracellular Matrix and Attachment Proteins in
Deve!opment ................................... 79
4. Attachment Proteins in Pathological Conditions . . . . . . . . .. 82
5. Summary ...................................... 84
Refurences ..................................... 84
Chapter 3
Rote 0' Gtycoproteins during Earty Mammalian
Embryogenesis
Raymond J. Ivatt
I. Introduction .................................... 95
2. Role of Glycoproteins during Ferilization .............. 96
2.1. Cervical Mucin Changes during Estrus . . . . . . . . . . . .. 97
2.2. Sperm Cell Surface Determinants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 98
2.3. The Zona Pellucida ........................... 99
3. Role of Glycoproteins during Preimplantation Development .. 101
3.1. The Cellular Interactions That May Direct Early
Development ................................ 104
3.2. Teratocarcinomas as a Model System for Early
Embryogenesis .............................. 108
3.3. Programmed Changes in Glycoprotein Expression
during Preimplantation Development .............. 110
3.4. Role of Glycoproteins during Early Embryonie
Development ................................ 114
4. Regulation of Glycoprotein Biosynthesis in Early Embryonic
Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 120
4.1. Carbohydrates Characteristic of Early Embryonic
Cells ...................................... 120
4.2. Programmed Changes in Carbohydrate Expression
during Early Embryogenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 125
4.3. Mechanisms That Regulate'the Expression of
Glycoprotein Determinants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 127
4.4. Proposed Functional Involvement of These Embryonic
Glycans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 139