The Biology Book: Big Ideas Simply Explained PDF
Preview The Biology Book: Big Ideas Simply Explained
BIG IDEAS THE ART BOOK THE MATH BOOK THE ASTRONOMY BOOK THE MEDICINE BOOK THE BIBLE BOOK THE MOVIE BOOK THE BUSINESS BOOK THE MYTHOLOGY BOOK THE CLASSICAL MUSIC BOOK THE PHILOSOPHY BOOK THE CRIME BOOK THE PHYSICS BOOK THE ECOLOGY BOOK THE POLITICS BOOK THE ECONOMICS BOOK THE PSYCHOLOGY BOOK THE FEMINISM BOOK THE RELIGIONS BOOK THE HISTORY BOOK THE SCIENCE BOOK THE ISLAM BOOK THE SHAKESPEARE BOOK THE LAW BOOK THE SHERLOCK HOLMES BOOK THE LITERATURE BOOK THE SOCIOLOGY BOOK SIMPLY EXPLAINED UUSS__000022--000033__TTiittllee--11..iinndddd 22 2266//0011//2211 1122::2299 PPMM THE BIOLOGY BOOK UUSS__000022--000033__TTiittllee--11..iinndddd 33 2266//0011//2211 1122::2299 PPMM DK LONDON DK DELHI original styling by STUDIO 8 SENIOR ART EDITOR SENIOR ART EDITOR Duncan Turner Pooja Pipil First American Edition, 2021 SENIOR EDITORS ART EDITOR Published in the United States by DK Publishing Helen Fewster, Camilla Hallinan 1450 Broadway, Suite 801, New York, NY 10018 Nobina Chakravorty EDITORS Copyright © 2021 Dorling Kindersley Limited ASSISTANT ART EDITORS Alethea Doran, Annelise Evans, Joy Evatt, DK, a Division of Penguin Random House LLC Lydia Halliday, Tim Harris, Jess Unwin Arshti Narang, George Thomas 21 22 23 24 25 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 001–318461–Jun/2021 US EDITOR SENIOR MANAGING EDITOR Jill Hamilton Rohan Sinha All rights reserved. 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For Gillian Reid PRODUCTION MANAGER details, contact: DK Publishing Special Markets, Pankaj Sharma 1450 Broadway, Suite 801, New York, NY 10018 SENIOR PRODUCTION CONTROLLER [email protected] Meskerem Berhane EDITORIAL HEAD MANAGING ART EDITOR Glenda Fernandes Printed in China Michael Duffy DESIGN HEAD MANAGING EDITOR Malavika Talukder Angeles Gavira Guerrero www.dk.com ASSOCIATE PUBLISHING DIRECTOR Liz Wheeler SANDS PUBLISHING ART DIRECTOR SOLUTIONS Karen Self DESIGN DIRECTOR EDITORIAL PARTNERS This book was made with Forest Stewardship Phil Ormerod David and Sylvia Tombesi-Walton Council ™ certified paper—one small step PUBLISHING DIRECTOR DESIGN PARTNER in DK’s cFoomr mmiotmree inntf otorm aa stuiosnta ginoa btole future. Jonathan Metcalf Simon Murrell www.dk.com/our-green-pledge UUSS__000044--000055__IImmpprriinntt__CCoonnttrriibbuuttoorrss..iinndddd 44 2277//0011//22002211 0099::2288 CONTRIBUTORS MARY ARGENT-KATWALA, CONSULTANT GRETEL GUEST, CONSULTANT Mary Argent-Katwala holds a Ph.D. in Molecular Cell Gretel Guest has a PhD in Plant Biology from the University Biology from the Institute of Cancer Research, University of Georgia (US), and teaches biology at Durham Technical of London, and an M.A. in Biological Natural Sciences from Community College, North Carolina. She is a chapter author Cambridge University. She is an experienced healthcare and online content creator of various biology textbooks, and strategist in both government and commercial sectors. contributed to recent editions of Mader Biology. MICHAEL BRIGHT DEREK HARVEY Michael Bright is a graduate of the University of London, A naturalist with a particular interest in evolutionary a corporate biologist, and member of the Royal Society of biology, Derek Harvey studied zoology at the University of Biology. He has worked for the BBC Natural History Unit in Liverpool. He has taught a generation of biologists and led Bristol, UK, and is now a freelance writer and ghostwriter. expeditions to Costa Rica, Madagascar, and Australasia. ROBERT DINWIDDIE TOM JACKSON Robert Dinwiddie studied natural sciences at Cambridge Tom Jackson studied zoology at Bristol University, UK. He University and has written or contributed to more than 50 worked in zoos and as a conservationist before turning to educational science books, including Bite-Size Science and writing for adults and children about natural history and DK titles Science, Human, and Get Started: Astronomy. all things scientific. STEVE PARKER JOHN FARNDON A Senior Scientific Fellow of the Zoological Society of London, Shortlisted five times for the Royal Society’s Young People’s Steve Parker has a degree in zoology, and has written or Science Book Prize, John Farndon has written about 1,000 consulted on more than 100 books and websites in the life books including The Wildlife Atlas, How the Earth Works, sciences. He specializes in writing about and speaking on The Complete Book of the Brain, and Project Body. animal behavior, ecology, and conservation issues. TIM HARRIS ROBERT SNEDDEN A former Deputy Editor of Birdwatch magazine, Tim Harris Robert Snedden has worked in publishing for over 40 years, has contributed to many reference books on science and researching and writing science and technology books on a nature. He studied Norwegian glaciers in college and range of topics—from medical ethics, cell biology, and the has traveled the world in search of unusual wildlife. human body to space exploration, computers, and the Internet. UUSS__000044--000055__IImmpprriinntt__CCoonnttrriibbuuttoorrss..iinndddd 55 2266//0011//2211 1122::2299 PPMM 6 CONTENTS 10 INTRODUCTION 42 A flexible mosaic 64 Cells are chemical of gatekeepers factories Cell membranes Enzymes as biological catalysts LIFE 66 They must fit together like lock and key 18 A window into the body FOOD AND ENERGY How enzymes work Experimental physiology 68 The metabolic pathway 20 How feebly men have 48 Life is a chemical process that releases energy Metabolism labored in the field from food of Anatomy from the Respiration times of Galen Anatomy 70 Photosynthesis is the absolute prerequisite 26 Animals are machines for all life Animals are not like humans Reactions of photosynthesis 27 I can make urea without kidneys TRANSPORT AND Biochemicals can be made REGULATION 28 The true biological atom The cellular nature of life 50 Plants have a faculty 76 It had a movement, to correct bad air as it were, in a circle Photosynthesis Circulation of the blood 56 The virtues of oranges 80 Blood passes through and lemons many windings Essential nutrients Capillaries 58 The conversion of victuals into virtues Digestion 60 The saccharine, the oily, and the albuminous 32 All cells come from cells Food groups How cells are produced 61 A better element does not 34 Life is not a miracle exist on which to base life Making life The beginnings of organic chemistry 38 Smaller cells reside inside 81 The heart is simply the larger cells 62 Life without free oxygen a muscle Complex cells Fermentation The heart muscle UUSS__000066--000099__CCoonntteennttss..iinndddd 66 2266//0011//2211 1122::2299 PPMM 7 82 Plants imbibe 136 The object is held with BRAIN AND and perspire two paws Plant transpiration Animals and tools BEHAVIOR 84 Chemical messengers carried by the 108 The muscles contracted HEALTH AND bloodstream into tonic convulsions Hormones trigger responses Excitable tissues DISEASE 86 The constant conditions 109 The faculty of sensation, might be termed 142 Sickness is not sent perception, and volition equilibria by the gods The brain controls behavior Homeostasis The natural basis of disease 110 Three principal colors, 143 The dose makes red, yellow, and blue the poison Color vision Drugs and disease 114 We speak with the left 144 The microbes will have hemisphere the last word Speech and the brain Germ theory 116 The spark excites the 152 The first object must be action of the nerveo- the destruction of any muscular force septic germs Antisepsis Electrical nerve impulses 154 Remove it, but it will 118 Instinct and learning spring up again go hand in hand Cancer metastasis Innate and learned behavior 124 Cells with delicate and 90 Air combining elegant shapes with the blood Nerve cells Hemoglobin 126 Brain maps of man 92 Oils upon the creaky Organization of the brain machinery of life cortex Hormones help regulate the body 130 The impulse within the nerve liberates chemical substances 98 The master chemists of our internal environment Synapses Kidneys and excretion 132 A complete theory of how 100 No auxin—no growth a muscle contracts Plant growth regulators Muscle contraction 102 The plant puts its fluids 134 Memory makes us who 156 There are four different in motion we are types of human blood Plant translocation Memory storage Blood groups UUSS__000066--000099__CCoonntteennttss..iinndddd 77 2266//0011//2211 1122::2299 PPMM 8 158 A microbe to destroy 184 From the most general 222 One gene—one enzyme other microbes forms the less general What are genes? Antibiotics are developed Epigenesis 226 I could turn a developing 160 A piece of bad news snail’s egg into an wrapped in protein 186 The union of egg-cell elephant Viruses and spermatic cell Jumping genes Fertilization 164 There will be no 228 Two interwoven spiral more smallpox 188 The mother-cell divides staircases Vaccination for equally between the The double helix preventing disease daughter nuclei Mitosis 168 Antibodies are the touchstone of 190 On this, the resemblance immunological theory of a child to its parent Immune response depends Meiosis 194 First proof of the GROWTH AND autonomy of life Stem cells REPRODUCTION 196 Master control genes Embryological development 176 The little animals of the sperm 198 The creation of the The discovery of gametes greatest happiness In vitro fertilization 178 Some organisms have dispensed with sexual 202 Dolly, the first clone reproduction of an adult animal Asexual reproduction Cloning 232 DNA embodies the genetic code of all living INHERITANCE organisms The genetic code 208 Ideas of species, 234 A cut, paste, and copy operation inheritance, variation Genetic engineering The laws of inheritance 216 The physical basis 240 The sequence of the beast Sequencing DNA of heredity Chromosomes 242 The first draft of the human book of life 220 The X element The Human Genome Project Sex determination 180 A plant, like an animal 221 DNA is the transforming 244 Genetic scissors: a tool for hath organical parts principle rewriting the code of life Pollination The chemicals of inheritance Gene editing UUSS__000066--000099__CCoonntteennttss..iinndddd 88 2266//0011//2211 1122::2299 PPMM 9 276 The clock-like property DIVERSITY OF LIFE of evolution The molecular clock AND EVOLUTION 277 We are survival machines Selfish genes 250 The first step is to know the things themselves 278 The extinction coincides Naming and classifying life with the impact Mass extinctions 254 Relics of a primeval world Extinct species 256 Animals have in course ECOLOGY of time been profoundly altered Life evolves 284 All Bodies have some Dependance upon 302 An organism’s niche 258 The strongest live and one another is its profession the weakest die Food chains Niches Natural selection 286 Animals of one 264 Mutations yield new continent are not found 304 Man’s war against in another nature is inevitably war and constant forms Plant and animal against himself Mutation biogeography Human impact on ecosystems 266 Natural selection spreads 290 The interaction of habitat, favorable mutations Modern synthesis life forms, and species 312 Division of area by ten Community succession divides the fauna by two Island biogeography 272 Drastic change occurs 292 A competition between in an isolated population prey and a predatory Speciation 314 Gaia is the superorganism species composed of all life Predator–prey relationships 274 All true classification The Gaia hypothesis is genealogical 294 Living matter is Cladistics incessantly moving, decomposing, and 316 DIRECTORY reforming Recycling and natural cycles 298 One will crowd out 324 GLOSSARY the other Competitive exclusion principle 328 INDEX 299 The basic units of nature on Earth Ecosystems 335 QUOTE ATTRIBUTIONS 300 Networks through which energy is flowing Trophic levels 336 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS UUSS__000066--000099__CCoonntteennttss..iinndddd 99 2266//0011//2211 1122::2299 PPMM I NTRODU CTION UUSS__001100--001111__IInnttrroo__OOppeenneerr..iinndddd 1100 2266//0011//2211 1122::2299 PPMM
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