The Biology and Ecology of Tintinnid Ciliates: Models for Marine Plankton

319 Pages·2012·6.74 MB·English

THE BIOLOGY
AND ECOLOGY
OF TINTINNID
CILIATES
T H E B I O L O G Y
A N D E C O L O G Y
O F T I N T I N N I D
C I L I AT E S
MODELS FOR
M ARINE PLANKTON
Edited by
John R. Dolan
Marine Microbial Ecology
Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche-sur-Mer
David J.S. Montagnes
Institute of Integrative Biology
University of Liverpool
Sabine Agatha
Department of Organismic Biology
University of Salzburg
D. Wayne Coats
Smithsonian Environmental Research Center
Diane K. Stoecker
University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science
A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication
This edition fi rst published 2013 © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The biology and ecology of tintinnid ciliates: models for marine plankton / edited by John R. Dolan ... [et al.].
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-470-67151-1 (cloth)
1. Tintinnida. I. Dolan, John R. (John Richard), 1955–
QL368.T55B56 2012
579.4'9–dc23
2012010713
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in
electronic books.
Cover image: Morphological diversity in the plankton. A view of a single microscope fi eld (20× objective) of plankton net tow
material from the Bay of Villefranche in January 2011. Image by J.R. Dolan.
Cover design by: Simon Levy Associates
Set in 9/11 pt PhotinaMT by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited
1 2013
Contents
CONTRIBUTORS, vii 3.3 Evolution of tintinnids, 49
3.4 How to read the tintinnid cladogram, 64
3.5 Molecular analysis and comparison with
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO morphologic data, 69
TINTINNIDS, 1 3.6 Systematics, 75
3.7 Comparison with the evolution of related
1.1 Why a book on tintinnid ciliates?, 2 planktonic ciliates: the aloricate
1.2 What is a tintinnid ciliate?, 3 choreotrichids, oligotrichids, and
1.3 The lorica as the defi ning characteristic of halteriids, 81
tintinnid ciliates, 3 3.8 Key points, 83
1.4 History of tintinnid studies, 7 Acknowledgments, 84
1.5 Tintinnids as model organisms for marine
plankton, 13
1.6 Key points, 16
CHAPTER 4 ECOPHYSIOLOGY AND
Acknowledgments, 16
BEHAVIOR OF TINTINNIDS, 85
4.1 Introduction, 86
CHAPTER 2 THE TINTINNID LORICA, 17
4.2 Feeding, 86
4.3 Growth, 99
2.1 Introduction, 18
4.4 Swimming behavior, 106
2.2 Diversity, formation, and variability of
4.5 Response to abiotic factors and interactions
loricae, 19
with biotic factors, 111
2.3 Ultrastructure of loricae, 32
4.6 Tintinnids as models and in models, 114
2.4 Chemical composition of loricae, 35
4.7 Key points, 121
2.5 Lorica sedimentation, 40
Acknowledgments, 121
2.6 Key points, 41
Acknowledgments, 41
CHAPTER 5 PREDATORS OF
CHAPTER 3 SYSTEMATICS AND TINTINNIDS, 122
EVOLUTION OF TINTINNID CILIATES, 42
5.1 Introduction, 123
3.1 Introduction, 43 5.2 Predators of tintinnids, 133
3.2 History of tintinnid taxonomy and 5.3 Anti-predator defenses of tintinnids, 141
systematics, 44 5.4 Top-down control of tintinnids, 142
v
vi Contents
5.5 Importance of tintinnids as prey for the 8.4 Mesozoic tintinnids and calpionellids: same
predator, 143 shape, different composition, 191
5.6 Tintinnids as vectors for algal toxins, 143 8.5 Cenozoic tintinnids: sparse, 192
5.7 Key points, 144 8.6 Organic and agglutinated phanerozoic fossils:
Acknowledgments, 144 the most likely candidates, 193
8.7 Conclusions and perspectives, 195
8.8 Key points, 197
CHAPTER 6 PARASITES OF Acknowledgments, 197
TINTINNIDS, 145
CHAPTER 9 TINTINNIDS IN
6.1 Background, 146
MICROZOOPLANKTON COMMUNITIES, 198
6.2 Dinofl agellate parasites: morphology and
infection cycle, 149
9.1 Ecology of microzooplankton, 199
6.3 Molecular evolution of dinofl agellates
9.2 Quantitative importance of tintinnids in
parasitizing tintinnids, 160
microzooplankton assemblages, 205
6.4 Ecology of tintinnid parasites, 165
9.3 Characteristics that set tintinnids apart from
6.5 Summary and future directions, 169
other microzooplankton, 211
6.6 Key points, 169
9.4 Key points, 212
Acknowledgments, 170
Acknowledgments, 213
CHAPTER 7 COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY OF CHAPTER 10 DIVERSITY AND
TINTINNID CYSTS, 171 DISTRIBUTIONS OF TINTINNIDS, 214
7.1 Introduction, 172 10.1 Introduction, 215
7.2 Morphology, 173 10.2 Biogeography, 215
7.3 Encystment and excystment, 176 10.3 Assemblages of coastal systems, 233
7.4 Ecological function of cysts, 182 10.4 Assemblages of open waters, 239
7.5 Key points, 184 10.5 Key points, 241
Acknowledgments, 185 Acknowledgments, 243
REFERENCES, 244
CHAPTER 8 FOSSIL TINTINNIDS, 186
ORGANISM INDEX, 288
8.1 Introduction: a paucity of data, 187
8.2 Proterozoic tintinnids: no evidence of a SUBJECT INDEX, 293
beginning, 187
8.3 Paleozoic tintinnid reports: too thin The color plate section can be found between
to know, 191 pages 136 and 137
Contributors
Sabine Agatha Takashi Kamiyama
Department of Organismic Biology, University of Tohoku National Fisheries Research Institute
Salzburg Fisheries Research Agency
Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria 3 - 27 - 5, Shinhama, Shiogama, Miyagi 985 - 0001,
[email protected] Japan
[email protected]
Tsvetan R. Bachvaroff
Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Jere H. Lipps
P.O. Box 28, 647 Contees Wharf Rd. John D. Cooper Archaeology and Paleontology Center
Edgewater, MD 21037, USA Santa Ana, CA, USA
[email protected] [email protected]
and
D. Wayne Coats University of California Museum of Paleontology
Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
P.O. Box 28, 647 Contees Wharf Rd. [email protected]
Edgewater, MD 21037, USA
[email protected] George B. McManus
Department of Marine Sciences
John R. Dolan University of Connecticut
Marine Microbial Ecology 1080 Shennecossett Rd.
Laboratoire d ’ Oc é anographie de Villefranche - sur - Mer Groton CT 06340, USA
CNRS Universit é Paris VI UMR 7093 [email protected]
S tation Zoologique, B.P. 28
06230 Villefranche - sur - Mer, France David J.S. Montagnes
dolan@obs - vlfr.fr Institute of Integrative Biology
University of Liverpool
Micah Dunthorn BioSciences Building
University of Kaiserslautern Crown Street
Department of Ecology Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
Erwin - Schroedinger Street [email protected]
67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany
[email protected] - kl.de Michèle Laval- Peuto
Chemin des Campons 144
06480 La Colle - sur - Loup, France
[email protected]
vii
viii Contributors
Richard W. Pierce Diane K. Stoecker
P.O. Box 132 University of Maryland Center for Environmental
North Attleboro Science
MA, USA Horn Point Laboratory
[email protected] 2020 Horns Point Road
P.O. Box 775
Luciana F. Santoferrara Cambridge MD 21613, USA
Department of Marine Sciences [email protected]
University of Connecticut
1080 Shennecossett Rd. Michaela C. Str üder-Kypke
Groton CT 06340, USA Department of Molecular and Cell Biology
[email protected] University of Guelph
Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
Paul Simon [email protected]
Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids
N ö thnitzer Strasse 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany
[email protected]
Thorsten Stoeck
University of Kaiserslautern
Department of Ecology
Erwin - Schroedinger Street
67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany
[email protected] - kl.de
Plate 1.1 Life - cycle stages in E utintinnus inquilinus . (a) A trophont (feeding stage) cell. (b) An early stage of binary fi ssion
showing the oral primordium (OP), which will develop into a new mouth. (c) The fi nal stage of cell division. (d) An early stage
of conjugation. (e) A conjugating pair showing a well - developed cytoplasmic bridge (CB) through which nuclear material will
be exchanged. Loricae are about 100 μ m long. Images are of Lugol ’ s - fi xed cells; sample from a mixed culture provided by
F. Lombard.
The Biology and Ecology of Tintinnid Ciliates: Models for Marine Plankton, First Edition. Edited by John R. Dolan,
David J.S. Montagnes, Sabine Agatha, D. Wayne Coats, and Diane K. Stoecker.
© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plate 1.4 Some tintinnid species with agglutinated loricae: T intinnopsis radix (a), T. campanula (b), T. dadayi (c), T. spiralis (d),
Codonella elongata covered with coccoliths (e), T intinnidium sp. (f), S tenosemella ventricosa (g), L eprotintinnus pellucidus (h), and
Codonellopsis schabi (i). Species names are attributed based on lorica morphology. All the specimens are Lugol ’ s - fi xed cells
except for Codonella elongata which was a live specimen.
Plate 1.5 Examples of tintinnid species with hyaline loricae: A mphorides quadrilineata (a), A mplectella collaria (b), C limacocylis
scalaria (c), Acanthostomella conicoides (d), P rotorhabdonella simplex (e), E piplocylis blanda (f), X ystonellopsis paradoxa (g),
Ormosella trachelium (h), Proplectella elipisoida (i), Dadayiella ganymedes (j), Dictyocysta lepida (k), Metacylis mediterranea (l),
Parafavella parumdentata (m), Parundella messinensis (n), A scampbellia tortulata (o), E utintinnus stramentus (p), Undella hyalina (q),
Helicostomella subulata (r), S alpingella acuminata (s), R habdonella spiralis (t), and C yttarocylis cassis (u). All the specimens are
Lugol ’ s - fi xed cells.