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Advances in Environmental Microbiology 9 Christon J. Hurst Editor The Biological Role of a Virus Advances in Environmental Microbiology Volume 9 SeriesEditor ChristonJ.Hurst Cincinnati,Ohio USA and UniversidaddelValle SantiagodeCali,Valle Colombia This book series addresses the questions of which microbes, microbial genes and geneproductsarepresentatparticularplacesandtimes,aswellastheenvironmental transportandsurvivalcapabilitiesofmicrobes.Theauthorsdefinethewaysinwhich microorganisms interact chemically as well as physically with their surroundings, including microbial actions that change our planet’s geochemistry. Advances in Environmental Microbiology facilitates an understanding of how microbes have contributedtowardscoevolutionaryprocessesandaddressesmicrobialcontributions to the successional colonization of environmental locations. The explorations of topicsincludeamicrobiologicalperspectiveofpublichealth,animalhusbandryand agricultural issues, including consideration of the fact that infectious diseases are often either acquired from environmental reservoirs or transmitted through the environment,plusanexplanationofhowmicrobialestablishmenteitheronorwithin a host results in transformation of the colonization site into a microbially modified environment.Thisseriesalsowillincludebothmicrobialpestcontrolandmicrobial diversity,alongwithinsightsintoindustrialproductionprocessesthatareconnected toenvironmentalmicrobiology. Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttps://link.springer.com/bookseries/11961 Christon J. Hurst Editor The Biological Role of a Virus Editor ChristonJ.Hurst Cincinnati,Ohio,USA UniversidaddelValle SantiagodeCali,Valle,Colombia ISSN2366-3324 ISSN2366-3332 (electronic) AdvancesinEnvironmentalMicrobiology ISBN978-3-030-85393-8 ISBN978-3-030-85395-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85395-2 ©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2022 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthe materialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors, and the editorsare safeto assume that the adviceand informationin this bookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. Cover illustration: “Volvox reimagined” is a montage image created in 2015 and is being used with permissionoftheartist,ChristonJ.Hurst.Thoseimagesincorporatedintothismontagewere:centerimage “Aspergillusflavus”(author:HosseinMirhendi,imagesuppliedbyandusedwithauthor’spermission); clockwisefromupperright“Micrasterias”(author:RogelioMorenoGill,imagesuppliedbyandusedwith author’s permission), “BrownGiantKelp3600ppx” (author: FASTILY, Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike 3.0 Unported license), “Stumpfungus” (author: Ecornerdropshop, public domain image), “LethariavulpinaJHollingercrop”(author:JasonHollinger,CreativeCommonsAttribution-ShareAlike 3.0Unportedlicense),“Phytoplankton-thefoundationoftheoceanicfoodchain”,(author:NOAAMESA Project,publicdomainimage),“Spirogyracell”(author:JasperNance,CreativeCommonsAttribution- ShareAlike3.0Unportedlicense),“Morelasci”(author:PeterG.Werner,CreativeCommonsAttribution- ShareAlike3.0Unportedlicense). ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG. Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland “Mother”.Thisimageisaself-portraitmadebyNataliaOsiatynska,12daysintomotherhoodwith herinfantsonAnker.ItappearsherecourtesyofNatalia.Mammalsrelyuponusageoftheir endogenousRetroviridaeinordertoinitiatethedevelopmentofaplacenta. Dedication I met Bill Benton in 1980 shortly after I had begun doing research for the United States Environmental Protection Agency in Cincinnati, Ohio. When I told Billthat he was the person whom I most wanted tomeet at the EPA, he replied with surprise “Why?”. My responsewasthathisnamehadbeenonevery publication from that Cincinnati group. Bill represented a kindly mixture of intelligence, pride, andhumility. Iwish thatthisworld had more people like him. Bill had a lot of good life stories to tell! He had experienced a difficult childhood and determined that he wanted to enter the US Army by attending the United States Military Academy in West Point, New York. Unfortunately, for the year when he applied, Bill ended up being the second person in line just below the cutoff level. He might have reapplied the following year, but Bill instead decided upon joining the US Army for infantry. Much to his disappointment Bill was transferredtotheUSAirForcewherehethen proudly served for 20 years as a medical corpsman. During his tours of duty in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Europe, Bill spent some of his spare time learning to farm. He cropped asparagus, which I think he enjoyed. The year that he spent raising tobacco was, from his perspective, not worth the financial gain considering the many required hours of hand laborplusthefactthatharvestingandsorting tobacco leaves covers your hands with plant resin. Perhaps his most interesting adventure had been managing a British pub along with his wife Doris for a few years while Bill was stationedinEngland.Afterheretiredfromthe US Air Force, Bill started working as a laboratory technician for the US Public Health Service. Eventually, the Public Health Service transferred him to the Environmental Protection Agency in Cincinnati where he became a cell culture technician. A few years after I had begun working for the EPA, I was assigned to be the leader of a research group that included Bill. At that point,Ihad10yearsoflaboratoryexperience compared to Bill’s more than 35 years of laboratory experience. It also was interesting andabitdauntingformetohaveatechnician withsomuchmoreintelligencethanIpossess. Bill’s kindness and humility never let me feel bad about my limitations. I do remember one time when I walked into his laboratory and told him that I had an idea for a new project. Billlistened,thenreachedintooneofhisdesk drawers and pulled out a stack of perhaps 12 photocopied journal articles. I do not now rememberwhattheprojectideahadbeen,but Billhandedthearticlestomeandsaid“These willgetyou startedonit.”Billwasamazingly far ahead of me on that idea, and he also was well ahead of me for many other research ideas. One of Bill’s ideas was to try isolating viruses with two host cell lines grown in cocultivation and that worked very well. The level of formal education that we achieve in life depends in large part upon the encouragement and expectations which our families demonstrate and foster inside of us during our childhood years. Bill merited a doctorate, but unfortunately had not been raisedwith expectations thatheshouldtryfor that level of formal education. Otherwise, if allowed better expectations, then Bill more rightfully would have been my supervisor and Ihonorably wouldhavereportedmyresearch to him. IalsorememberonetimewhenBillmentioned to me that he never understood the 1960s. My answer was that he should listen to the song “Eleanor Rigby” by The Beatles. A few days later he happily told me of hearing the song over the radio in his automobile while he was driving to work. Bill was not buried along with his name as suggested by the lyrics of that song, because Bill’s name will always remain recorded in the pages of scientific literature. He certainly remains recorded in the memories lodged within my mind. Bill’s laboratory equipment cart always displayed a State of Ohio temporary automobile license tag on which Bill had written the date of his eligibility for Civil Service retirement. He eventually did retire from the Civil Service, and then enjoyed spending many happy years with Doris. They watched the birds come to a feeding station behind their house and Bill worked at his golfing skills. I feel very honored to have known Bill and to have worked with him. Appreciatively, I dedicate my work on this book to my friend andcolleagueWilliamH.Benton.Whatmight Bill’s opinion be of this dedication? His humility might lead him to say that he appreciatedthehonorbutsomehowcouldnot feelasthoughheeverhadbeenthatspecialas either a person or a scientist. Bill, you clearly were that special and I thank you for having been present in my life. WilliamH.Benton1928–2000