The biological diversity and aquaculture of clariid and pangasiid catfishes in South-East Asia

227 Pages·2009·6.79 MB·English

FOREWORD
The mid-tenn workshop of the "CatfIsh Asia" project (full title: "Characterisation, utilisation
andmaintenance ofbiological diversityfor the diversification and sustainability ofcatfish culture
in South East Asia", DG XII, INCO-DC, contract ICI8-CT96-0043) was held at the Can Tho
University, Can Tho, Vietnam, from May II to 15, 1998.
The objectives ofthe workshop were to realise a synthesis ofthe studies carried out during the
first halfofthis project and, from this basis, defIne more accurately research lines for the second part
ofthe programme.
The workshop brought together 32 scientists belonging to the Belgium, French, Indonesian and
Vietnamese institutions associated in the realisation ofthe project. Representatives ofthe production
sector involved in catfish culture in the Mekong Delta also attended the meeting. A visit of the
amazing site of Chau Doc, located on the upper part of the Mekong Delta, was organised and
provided to the participants a view oftheextremely dynamic Pangasius floating-cage culture activity
inthis area and ofits associatedfish processing plants.
A total of 37 communications on research topics related to the biodiversity and culture of
catfishes in SE Asia have been presented. Thirty one of them are compiled in the present volume,
which is organised in three main parts: I) Contexts and research goals, 11) Biological diversity and,
Ill) Diversification and optimisation in aquaculture production. As the research is still going on,
some ofthese communications refer to preliminary work while others can be already considered as
achieved contributions.
We hope that these proceedings will contribute to a first dissemination ofthe basic and applied
results obtained in this fruitful Asian-Europeancollaborative research project.
The editors wish to thank the Can Tho University, the staff of its College of Agriculture and
more particularly Dr Nguyen Thanh Phuong and Ms Huynh Thi Tu, for the excellent work they did
inthe practical organisation ofthis meeting. They are also grateful to the EuropeanCommission (00
XII) for its essential support in the realisation ofthe "Catfish Asia" project.
Marc Legendre
Antoine Pariselle

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CONTENTS
Page
FOREWORD 1
CONTENTS 3
CONTEXTS ANDRESEARCH GOALS
LegendreM.TheCatfish Asiaproject:backgrounds,aimsandprospects.--------------------------- 7
Lazard J. Interest of basic and applied research on Pangasius spp. for aquaculture in the
MekongDelta:situationandprospects.-------------------------------------------------------- 15
Sadili D.MarketingofpangasiidcatfishesinJava andSumatra,Indonesia.----------------------- 21
BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
CHARACTERlSA110NOFSPECIES, POPULA110NSAND STRAINS
Teugels G.G., Legendre M. & Hung L.T. Preliminary results on the morphological
characterisation of natural populations and cultured strains of Clarias species
(Siluriformes,Clariidae)fromVietnam.--------------------------------------------------------- 27
Teugels G.G., Gustiano R., Diego R., Legendre M. & Sudarto. Preliminary results on the
morphological characterisation of natural populations and cultured strains of Clarias
species(Siluriformes,Clariidae)fromIndonesia.-------------------------------------------- 31
Pariselle A. & Komarudin O. Firstresultson the diversityofgill parasites of some catfishes
host speciesinSouthEast Asia.------------------------------------------------------------------ 37
Pouyaud L., Hadie W. & Sudarto. Geneticdiversityamong Clarias batrachus (Siluriformes,
Clariidae)populations fromtheIndochinaPeninsulaand IndonesiaArchipelago.----------- 43
Pouyaud L., Gustiano R. & Legendre M. Phylogeneticrelationships among pangasiid catfish
species(Siluriformes,Pangasiidae).-------------------------------------------------------------- 49
Volckaert F., Hellema~ B. & Pouyaud L. Preliminarydata on genetic variation in the genus
ClariasandPangasius onthebasisofDNAmicrosatelliteloci.---------------------------- 57
BID-ECOLOGY
Thuong N.V., Hung H.P., Dung D.T. & Kha L.A. Preliminary data on species composition
anddistribution of pangasiid catfishes (Siluriformes,Pangasiidae) in the lower Mekong
FtiverbasirL-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Eil
DIVERSIFICATION AND OPTIMISATION IN AQUACULTURE
PRODUCTION
REPRODUC110N
Cacot P. Descriptionof the sexualcycle related to theenvironment and set up of the artificial
propagation in Pangasius bocourti (Sauvage, 1880) and Pangasius hypophthalmus
(Sauvage, 1878), rearedinfloatingcagesandinpondsinthe Mekongdelta.--------------- 71
LegendreM., SubadgjaJ. & SlembrouckJ. Absenceof marked seasonal variations in sexual
maturityof Pangasius hypophthalmus brooders held in ponds at the Sukarnandi station
(Java,Indonesia).---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 91
LegendreM., SlembrouckJ. & SubadgjaJ. Firstresultson growth and artificial propagation
ofPangasiusdjambalinIndonesia.--------------------------------------------------------------- 97
4
Xuan L.N. & Liem P.T. Preliminary results on the induced spawning of two catfh species,
Pangasius conchophilus andPangasius spl, intheMekongdelta.----------------------------- 103
Kristanto A.H., Subadgja J., Slembrouck J. "& Legendre M. Effects of egg incubation
techniqueson hatchingrates, hatching kinetics andsurvivalof larvae in the Asian catfish
Pangasius hypophthalmus (Siluriformes,Pangasiidae).---------------------------------------- 107
CampetM.,Cacot P., LazardJ., Dan T.Q.,Muon D.T. & Liem P.T. Eggquality of an Asian
catfishoftheMekongRiver(Pangasius hypophthalmus) duringthe process of maturation
inducedbyhCGinjections.-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 113
Legendre M., Slembrouck J., Subadgja J. & Kristanto A.H. Effects of varying latency
periodon the in vivo survival of ova after Ovaprim- and hCG-induced ovulation in the
AsiancatfishPangasius hypophthalmus (Siluriformes,Pangasiidae).------------------------- 119
LARVALBIOWGYANDREARING
Hung L.T., Tuan N.A., Hien N. V. & Cacot P. Larval rearing of the Mekong catfish,
Pangasius bocourti (Siluriformes, Pangasiidae):Artemia alternativefeeding and weaning
time.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 127
Slembrouck J., Hung L.T., Subadgja J. & Legendre M. Effects of prey quality, feeding
level,preyaccessibilityandaeration on growth andsurvivalofPangasius hypophthalmus
larvae(Siluriformes,Pangasiidae).--------------------------------------------------------------- 137
SubadgjaJ., SlembrouckJ., Hung L.T. & Legendre M. Analysisof precocious mortality of
Pangasius hypophthalmus larvae(Siluriformes,Pangasiidae)duringthelarval rearing and
propositionofappropriatetreatments.-------------------------------------------------------------- 147
NUTRI110N, FEEDINGANDGROWTH
Hung L.T., Tuan N.A.,Phu N.V. &LazardJ. Effects of frequencyandperiod offeeding on
growth and feed utilisation on Pangasius bocourti in two Mekong catfishes, Pangasius
bocourti(Sauvage, 1880)and Pangasiushypophthalmus(Sauvage,1878).------------------ 157
Hung L.T., Lazard J., Tu H.T. & Moreau Y. Protein and energy utilisation in two Mekong
catfishes,Pangasius bocourtiandPangasius hypophthalmus.--------------------------------- 167
Phuong N.T. & Hien T.T.T. Effects of feeding level on the growth and feed conversion
efficiencyofPangasius bocourtifingerlings.--------------------------------------------------- 175
Phuong N.T., Thi M.V. & Hang B.T.B. The use of plant protein (soybean meal) as a
replacementofanimalprotein(fish mealand bloodmeal)inpracticaldiets for fingerlings
of Pangasius bocourti.---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 179
Liem P.T. & Tu H.T. Rearing of Pangasius bocourti fry (Siluriformes, Pangasiidae) fed
tanks.-------------------------------------------------------------------
differentdietsinconcrete 187
HYBRIDSEVALUA110N
Kiem N.V. & Liem P.T. Somebiological characteristics of Clarias batrachus and Preliminary
resultsofthehybridisationbetween Clarias batrachusxClariasgariepinus.-------------- 191
Lenormand S., Slembrouck J., Pouyaud L., Subadgja J. & Legendre M. Evaluation of
hybridisationin five Clarias species (Siluriformes, Clariidae) of African (c. gariepinus)
andAsianorigin(c. batrachus, C.meladerma; C.nieuhofiiandC.teijsmanni).------------- 195
Minh L.T. Preliminaryresultsontherelationship between growingstageandbody composition
in Clarias macrocephalus, Clarias gariepinus and their hybrid(c. macrocephalus female
x C.gariepinus male).--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 211
5
PATHOWGY
Komarudin O. Preliminary observations on the infectionof the gills of cultivated Pangasius
hypophthalmusbyMonogenea.---------------------------------------------------------------------- 217
Supriyadi H., Komarudin O. & SlembrouckJ. Preliminarystudyof the source ofAeromonas
hydrophila infectionon Pangasius hypophthalmuslarvae.----------------------------------- 219
DungT.T. & NgocN.T.N.Preliminaryresults ofthestudyofparasitic and red spotdiseaseson
high economicalvaluablecatfishspeciesintheMekongDelta.------------------------------- 223

7
THE "CATFlSHAsIA" PROJECT: BACKGROUNDS, AIMS ANDPROSPECTS
Marc Legendre
IRD(exORSTOM), CatfishAsia Project, InstalasiPenelitian Perikanan Air Tawar, Jalan. Ragunan-Pasar
Minggu; P.O. Box7220/jkspm, Jakarta12540, Indonesia
andGAMEr, B.P. 5095,34033MontpellierCedex 1,France
Abstract
Catfishes, andin particular Clariidae and Pangasiidae, are important aquatic resources in Asia, where
their culture represented an annual production of about 124,000 t in 1993. In the clariids, this production
results mostly from the use of F1 hybrids between the introduced African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)and
various local clariid species. In the pangasiids, various culturing techniques were empirically developed for
some nativespecies, whosejuveniles are mostoften capturedinthe wild Further developmentofthis catfish
culture industry faces serious problems related to the poorly known systematic of these fish groups, the
scarce knowledge of the biology and aquaculture potential of autochthonous species, the limitation ofseed
supplyandthe declining performancesreported in somecultivatedstocks.
In this context, the "Catfish Asia" project which deals with the two catfish families, Clariidae and
Pangasiidae, hasthe main following goals:
• To acquire a stronger knowledge of the biological diversity of SE Asian catfishes and to enhance its
utilisationthrough a correct identificationand characterisationof valuable species, populations and strains
of aquaculture interest. This approach represents an important precondition to the sustainable
management of cultivated and natural stocks and to guide conservation efforts of these economically
important resources. It will alsocontributeto abetterknowledge of their phylogeographicrelationships.
• To acquire sound biological bases for the development of catfish culture in the SE Asian region. The
evaluationofthe aquaculturepotential of the autochthonous species (diversification) and the optimisation
of their rearing cycle (artificial propagation) through technologies adapted to the local conditions are
essential elements for abetterproductionin the future.
The research work associates six institutes and laboratories from Indonesia, Vietnam, France and
Belgium. The specific objectives, general methodologies, first results and prospects of the project are
presented.
INTRODUCTION fish production) in Cambodia. In Indonesia,
clariids arethe main cultivatedcatfishes (4,000 t in
Among the freshwater fish. the Siluriformes 1992) but pangasiids present also a high potential
(including both autochthonous and exotic species) for aquaculture, particularly in Sumatra and
represent an important group in Asia. Several Kalimantan (Sudartoand Sumastri, 1994).
species are actively exploited by fisheries and in a Indigenous culture techniques were developed
variety of aquaculture production systems. for native species that are generally preferred by
Although ranking beyond carps and tilapias, the local consumers. However, in clariids, the actual
total volume of cultured catfishes in Asia has trend is to cultivate Fl hybrids between the
shown fast increase during the last 20 years and introduced African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)
was estimated around 124,000 t in 1993 (Csavas, and various local species (c. macrocephalus or C.
1994). In the Lower Mekong Basin, catfishes of fuscus in Thailand or Vietnam, C. meladerma in
the clariid and pangasiid families are of particular Indonesia). These hybrids appear to combine the
significance for aquaculture. In 1993, they estimated flesh quality of local species and the
represented an estimated annual production of faster growth rate and disease resistance of the
about 21,000 t in Vietnam, 36,000 t in Thailand introduced one. Because of the presence of a
and 6,000 t(75 %ofthe total freshwater cultivated variety of pangasiid species and their omnivorous
8
nature, culture techniques can be adapted to the 1935. In the absence of reliable
localconditions.Pangasiids areusedboth insmall identification keys, cultured species are
scale or industrial production systems and can be often misidentified. This situation impairs a
reared in high-density cage culture, low input comprehensive view ofthe culture potential
polyculture systems, integrated livestock/fish ofthese fishesand a correct interpretation of
farming or with human waste utilisation (Peignen, the information published on their biology
1993; Cacot, 1994; Csavas, 1994). The ability of andculture.
some of these catfishes to undergo aerial ~ In mostcases seed supply is impaired by the
respiration allows their use for a valorisation of absence of reproductive control in captivity
poorlyoxygenatedaquatic environments. and by fluctuating or limited natural wild
However, major constraints for further juvenile resources (Csavas, 1994; Cacot,
development and sustainable management of 1994).
cultivated and natural catfish resources still • Declining performances in cultured fishes have
remain. A part of the encountered problems is been reported inseveralareas in SE Asia (Main
listedbelow,asthey wereidentifiedin 1996. and Reynolds, 1993).
• Aquaculture has often been based on the • Introductions of exotic species for pure culture
utilisation of introduced species while the or hybridisation with native species could
knowledge on the biology and the potential of induce diseases due to parasites (Welcomme,
autochthonous species remains scarce. As an 1988; Konelat, 1990) and genetic impacts on
example,the African catfishClarias gariepinus native genepools (Hindaret al., 1991).
has been spread all over SE Asia where it is 1berefore, the precise description and
cultured either as such or after hybridisation characterisation ofspecies, populations and strains
with local Clarias species. In Indonesia, in these fish groups represent a condition sine qua
although more than 10 pangasiid species were non to the sustainable management of their
listed from the ichthyofauna, the only cultivated and natural stocks and to guide
Pangasius cultured in this country remained conservation efforts of these economically
Pangasius hypophthalmus, which was initially importantresources. Theyshould also contributeto
introducedfromThailand a better knowledge of their phylogeographic
• Diversification of the cultivated species is relationships.
required both for a better response of fish The sound evaluation of the aquaculture
culturiststomarketdemands,andfor a better fit potential of the autochthonous species
with the diversity of habitats and consumer (diversification) and the optimisation of their
preference. However, main limitations are the rearing cycle (particularly artificial propagation)
followings. through technologies adapted to the local
~ The systematic of Siluriformes remains conditions appears as essential elements for a
poorlyknown in this regionand information better productioninthe future.
on their genetic structure (species, These topics were retained has the main goals
populations)is verylimited.Inthe pangasiid of the "Catfish Asia"project, which focuses on the
family, despite a systematic revision of the two main catfish families of economic importance,
group (Roberts & Vidthayanon, 1991), the Clariidae and Pangasiidae. The genesis,
numerous discrepancies were found in specific objectives, general methodologies, first
recent descriptions of the fish fauna. This results and expected outcomes of the project are
was particularly the case for the Mekong presented inthe presentpaper.
delta where the available information
relativetotaxonomy andeventhe number of
represented species was still inconsistent GENESIS OF THE PROJECT AND
(Khoa & Huong, 1993; Lenormand, 1996). PARTNERSHIP
In Indonesia, the only local pangasiid
species tested for aquaculture was The first contact between the European and
misidentified as P.pangasius and remained Asian partners today associated in the "Catfish
to becorrectly named.ForSEAsianc1ariids, Asia" project took place in 1992 during a
thesituationwas even moreconfusing as the prospective mission of two of us in the Southeast
mostrecent revision was made by David in Asianregion (Lazard& Legendre, 1993).This first
9
contact allowedthe identification ofresearch fields possibilities for a rapid and efficient transfer of
related to fish biology and culture, and partner results from research to the production sector and
institutions to develop collaborative programmes. fishfarmers.
Thecooperation was initially engaged byexchange
of scientists and students between France, on one
side,and Vietnamand Indonesia,ontheother side. OBJECTIVES OF THE "CATFISH ASIA"
In Vietnam., inquiries were made on catfish PROJECT
production systems (peignen, 1993; Bazir, 1994;
Cacot, 1994) and a preliminary study on the In order to enhance the utilisation of the
systematic, biology and aquaculture potential of biological diversity of the local freshwater
pangasiid species from the Mekong Delta was ichthyofauna, acquire sound biological bases for
carried out (Lenormand, 1996). Starting from the development of aquaculture, provide an
1994, the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs appraisal ofthepresent situation in order to guide
supported a collaborative programme on the sustainablemanagement ofcultivatedandnatural
control of reproduction of Pangasius bocourti, fish resources, and strengthen North-South-South
associating two French (CIRAD and IRD) and cooperation between the European Union,
three Vietnamese institutions (the Can Tho Indonesia and Vietnam by the transfer and
University (CTU), the University of Agronomy exchange of technology, the project aims at the
and Forestry (UAF) and the AGIFISH Company). following specific objectives:
This programme led to the veryfirst spawn of this • To characterise species, populations and strains
species in captivity, obtained in May 1995. It of autochthonous Clariidae and Pangasiidae
represented animportantsuccess as,until this date, catfishes for:
the millions of P. bocourtijuveniles necessary to ~ A thorough knowledge of their taxonomy
sustain the 15,000 tonnes of annual aquaculture and appraisal of their phylogeny and
production of this species in the Mekong delta zoogeography.
were entirelydependent oncaptures fromthe wild ~ A general inventory of available resources
The study of populations genetic of SE Asian that could beused for culture.
Clarias species was also started in 1995 in a • To contribute to the knowledge of their life
cooperation between IRD, the Central Research history.
Institute for Fisheries (CRIFI-RIFF) based in • To implement monitoring tools that could be
Jakarta, Indonesia, andthe University Montpellier used for the analysis of population
IT.
microstructuration and monitoring of genetic
These different activities and their results diversity in cultivated fish stocks (Le.
provided a solid basis and moovated the developmentofDNA microsatelliteloci).
preparation of a more ambitious collaborative
• To assess and comparethe aquaculture potential
research programme on the biodiversity and
of species, populations and hybrids in the
aquaculture of catfishes in SE Asia. Since
PangasiidaeandClariidae.
November 1996, this programme, abbreviated as
• To develop artificial propagation and culture
"Catfish Asia" I, is coordinated by IRD and techniques adapted to local conditions for some
supported by the European Commission. It
target species for which captive broodstock can
associates 6 research institutions, from France
beavailable:
(IRD and CIRAD), Belgium (Musee Royal de
~ Identification of the environmental
l'Afrique Centrale and Katholieke Universiteit
requirements to attain full sexual maturity
Leuven), Indonesia (CRIFI-RIFF) and Vietnam
under rearing conditions and optimisation of
(CTU)(Fig. 1).
induced breeding and artificial fertilisation
Apart oftheresearch is alsoconducted inclose
procedures.
cooperation with the AGIFISH Company in
~ Assessment of some nutritional, behavioural
Vietnam and the services of the Directorate
and environmental requirements of larval
General for Fisheries in Indonesia, allowing real
and juveniles stages and optimisation of
larval rearing methods.
1 Full title ofthe project: Characterisation; utilisation
and maintenance of biological diversity for the
diversification and sustainability ofcatfish culture in
South-EastAsia.